Growth and Development

Question 1

in baby clinics, what measurements are taken?

Answer 1

measurements of the baby’s:

• weight
• length/height
• head circumference

Question 2

how is the jaw relationship at birth different to that of an adults jaw relationship?

Answer 2

• gum pads widely separated
• tongue resting on lower gum pad
• tongue in contact with lower lip

Question 3

when does eruption of teeth (roughly) start?

Answer 3

6 months

Question 4

at what age is the eruption of the deciduous dentition usually complete?

Answer 4

by 24 months of age

Question 5

what are some characteristics of primary incisors?

Answer 5

• incisors are upright

- incisors are spaced

Question 6

what differences are seen between primary and permanent teeth?

Answer 6

primary teeth are:

• smaller
• more white in colour

Question 7

what are the 5 aspects of the psychology of child development?

Answer 7

• motor
• cognitive
• perceptual
• language
• social

Question 8

what are the different stages of cognitive development?

Answer 8

• sensorimotor
• preoperational thought
• concrete operations
• formal operations

Question 9

what is the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development? when does this occur?

Answer 9

• until about 2 years

- main objective is object permanence

Question 10

what is object permanence?

Answer 10

knowing an object still exists even when it is hidden (cannot be seen, heard or sensed)

Question 11

what is the preoperational thought stage of cognitive development? when does this occur?

Answer 11

• 2-7 years
• allows child to predict outcomes of behaviour
• facilitated by language development
• egocentric
• unable to understand why areas and volumes remain unchanged even though shape and position may change

Question 12

what is the concrete operations stage of cognitive development? when does this occur?

Answer 12

• 7-11 years
• able to apply logic
• able to see others perspective
• still difficult to think in an abstract manner

Question 13

what is the formal operations stage of cognitive development? when does this stage occur?

Answer 13

• from 11 years

- logical abstract thinking therefor different possibilities for an action can be considered

Question 14

what will occur if a lack of appropriate stimulation occurs in an infants/child’s development?

Answer 14

• retardation of the child’s learning

- ** language is affected

Question 15

what does a one year old understand?

Answer 15

• vocabulary of 20 words
• simple phrases
• relates objects to words

Question 16

what language will a one year old use? what sounds can they make?

Answer 16

• 2/3 words
• repetitive babble
• tuneful jargon
• sounds = b, d, m

Question 17

what does a two year old child understand in terms of development?

Answer 17

• simple commands
• questions
• joins in action songs

Question 18

what language does a two year old use? what sounds can they make?

Answer 18

• vocabulary of 100 words
• puts two words together
• echolalia (copies what you say)
• sounds = p, t, k, g, n

Question 19

what does a three year old child understand (in terms of cognitive development)?

Answer 19

• prepositions (on, under etc)
• functions of object
• simple conversations

Question 20

what language does a 3 year old child use? what sounds can they now make?

Answer 20

• 4 word sentences
• what, who, where
• relates experience
• sounds = f, s, l

Question 21

what does a four year old child understand (in terms of cognitive development)?

Answer 21

• colours
• numbers
• tenses
• complex instructions

Question 22

what language does a four year old use? what sounds can they make?

Answer 22

• long grammatical sentences
• relates stories
• sounds = v, z, ch, j

Question 23

what are examples of disorders of speech and language?

Answer 23

• cerebral palsy
• learning difficulties
• autism
• head injury
• delayed speech & language development
• acquired neurological disorders
• dysphonia
• craniofacial disorders

Question 24

how can speech be described in a patient with cleft lip/palate?

Answer 24

• resonance
• articulation issues
• nasal emission

Question 25

what treatment is carried out in an infant patient with cleft lip/palate?

Answer 25

- feeding - early intervention (surgery etc) - input modelling - articulation therapy - communication support

Question 26

what feeding skills does a 28 week old infant have?

Answer 26

non nutritive sucking

Question 27

what feeding skills does a 34 week old infant have?

Answer 27

nutritive sucking

Question 28

what feeding skills are seen at ages 0-3 months?

Answer 28

- rhythmical sucking - primitive reflexes (gag, rooting, suck/swallow) - semi reclined feeding position - liquid diet

Question 29

what feeding skills are developing/seen in a 4-6month old infant?

Answer 29

- head control - more control of suck/swallow - munching - move towards a semi solid diet (starts babbling)

Question 30

what feeding skills are seen/developing in a 7-9 month old infant?

Answer 30

- sitting feeding position - mashed consistency - finger food - upper lip involvement - chewing and bolus formation - bite reflex - mouthing

Question 31

what feeding skills are seen/developing in a 10-12 month old infant?

Answer 31

- lumpy food consumed - sustained bite - active lip closure - chewing (lateralisation) - cup drinking

Question 32

at what age is a mature and integrated feeding pattern seen in children?

Answer 32

24 months

Question 33

what dental things may frighten children in the surgery?

Answer 33

- sight of anaesthetic syringe - sight, sound and sensation of the drill - mutilation - choking - strangers

Question 34

what are some manifestations of anxiety in children?

Answer 34

- thumb sucking - nail biting - nose picking - clumsiness - stuttering - stomach pain - headache - dizziness

Question 35

what factors may influence a child’s dental anxiety?

Answer 35

- previous adverse dental/medical experiences - attitude & previous experience of family/peer group - media perceptions - emotional development of child

Question 36

what behaviour management techniques must a dentist AVOID?

Answer 36

DO NOT: - bribe - coax - shout - bully - threaten - allow child to have all their own way

Question 37

when dealing with a child who has dental anxiety, how can this anxiety be reduced?

Answer 37

- create an environment where the child feels safe - use a kind empathetic approach - use directive guidance and reinforcement - allow child some control (hand signal) - ask questions (how are you feeling? are you OK?)

Question 38

when discussing dental treatments with children, what may need to be modified in these discussions?

Answer 38

language alternatives to dental treatments... eg: - topical anaesthetic = bubble gum/minty gel - high speed = tooth shower etc.

Question 39

when communicating with children, what are some things to keep in mind?

Answer 39

- avoid use of dental jargon - use simple language - use a friendly (but loud) tone of voice - friendly non-verbal communication (facial expression, gaze etc)

Question 40

what are things NOT to do around an anxious infant dental patient?

Answer 40

- ignore or deny feelings - coercing/coaxing - humiliating - losing patience with patient

Question 41

when might a dentist need to exclude a parent from the surgery?

Answer 41

the parent: - is unable to refrain from competing with the dentist for their child’s attention - unintentionally convey their own anxieties to their child through body language and words

Question 42

what is the link between pain and anxiety?

Answer 42

anxious patients are more likely than non-anxious patients to experience pain