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Pediatrics > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Infancy-Birth to 12 months-weight gain per week

A

5-7 ounces

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2
Q

Infancy-Double birth weight by age

A

6 months

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3
Q

Infancy-Triple birth weight by age

A

1 year

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4
Q

Infancy-Height increases by 1 inch per month for:

A

6 months

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5
Q

Infancy-Growth–Birth to 12 months

A

“spurts” rather than gradual pattern

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6
Q

Infancy-Posterior fontanel

A

fuses by 6-8 weeks

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7
Q

Infancy-Anterior fontanel closes

A

12-18 months

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8
Q

Infancy-Systems maturing -Respiratory

A

rate slows, and becomes more regular

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9
Q

Infancy-Systems maturing-Immunologic system-

A

immature

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10
Q

Infancy-Systems maturing-Cardiovascular

A

HR slows

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11
Q

Infancy-Systems maturing- Hemopoietic changes-

A

fetal hgb decrease, maternal iron stores until 5 months

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12
Q

Infancy-Systems maturing-Digestive processes-

A

immature

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13
Q

Infancy-Systems maturing-Thermoregulation

A

becomes more efficient

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14
Q

Infancy-Systems maturing-Sensory

A

binocularity occurs by 6 months.

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15
Q

Infancy-Four Areas of Development

A

Fine Motor
Gross Motor
Language
Social

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16
Q

Infancy-Fine Motor Development -Grasping object

A

age 2-3 months – hold a rattle but will not reach for it-4 months will grasp objects voluntarily

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17
Q

Infancy-Fine Motor Development-Transfer object between hands

A

age 7 months

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18
Q

Infancy-Fine Motor Development-Pincer grasp age

A

9 months

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19
Q

Infancy-Fine Motor Development-Remove objects from container

A

age 11 months

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20
Q

Infancy-Fine Motor Development-Build tower of two blocks

A

age 12 months

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21
Q

Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Head Control

A

has almost no head lag when pulled to sitting position

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22
Q

Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Rolling

A

4 months – Rolls from back to side
6 months – Rolls from back to abdomen, abdomen to back

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23
Q

Infancy-Gross Motor Development-sitting

A

4 months – balances head well in sitting position
6 months – Will sit in high chair with straight back
7 months – Leans on hands
8 months – Sits steadily unsupported

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24
Q

Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Locomotion-Moves from prone to sitting position

A

10 months

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25
Q

Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Locomotion-Crawling

A

6 -7 months

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26
Q

Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Locomotion-Creeping on hands and knees

A

9 months

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27
Q

Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Locomotion-Pull to standing and holds on to furniture

A

9 months

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28
Q

Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Locomotion-Cruising/Walking with assistance

A

11 months

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29
Q

Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Locomotion-Walks alone

A

12 months

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30
Q

Infancy-Social Development-

A
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31
Q

Infancy-Social Development-Attachment!

A

Babies become very attached to their primary caregiver – anyone who is meeting their daily needs

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32
Q

Infancy-Social Development-Social smile

A

2 months

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33
Q

Infancy-Social Development-Enjoys interaction, begins to show memory

A

4 months

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34
Q

Infancy-Social Development-Stranger Anxiety

A

6 months

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35
Q

Infancy-Social Development-Separation Anxiety

A

8- 9 months

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36
Q

Infancy-Social Development-understands “NO”

A

9 months

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37
Q

Infancy-Social Development-Object permanence

A

begins at 6 months, well established by 10 months

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38
Q

Infancy-Language Development-Crying is first verbal communication

A

relays needs and messages to caretakers

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39
Q

Infancy-Language Development-relays needs and messages to caretakers

A

2 months

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40
Q

Infancy-Language Development-Makes consonant sounds, LAUGHS

A

4 months

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41
Q

Infancy-Language Development-Imitates sounds, Babbling resembles one syllable utterances

A

6 months

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42
Q

Infancy-Language Development-understands social language – talks when others are talking

A

7 months

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43
Q

Infancy-Language Development-May say one word

A

10 months

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44
Q

Language Development-3-5 words with meaning

A

12 months-

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45
Q

Infancy-Teething-Begins

A

Begins around 4 months and continues until 2 year old molars erupt between the ages of 18 mo and 3 yo.

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46
Q

Infancy-Teething-First sign of teething around 4 months

A

drooling

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47
Q

Infancy-Teething-Pain

A

inflammation;
Pulling at ears

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48
Q

Infancy-Teething-eruptions may begin with two lower central incisors

A

6 months

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49
Q

Infancy-Nutrition during infancy-Nutrition

A

breast milk is first choice for first 6 months of life

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50
Q

Infancy-Nutrition during infancy-Formula

A

needs accurate dilution

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51
Q

Infancy-Nutrition during infancy-Introduction of solid foods

A

4-6 months

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52
Q

Infancy-Nutrition during infancy-Introduce foods at intervals

A

4-7 days to allow for identification of food allergies – old recommendation;
May vary depending on situation – new recommendations
Weaning from breast or bottle

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53
Q

Infancy-Nutrition during infancy-Whole milk

A

after 12 months – AAP recommendations until 2yo, then low fat milk

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54
Q

Infancy-Walking – Infant shoes

A

Inexpensive, well-constructed athletic shoes or soft leather moccasin-type shoes
Hard inflexible shoes (high tops, etc.) may delay walking
Barefoot is best!

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55
Q

Infant-Immunizations

A

Recommendations provided by:
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

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56
Q

Infancy-To report any adverse reactions after administration of any vaccine

A

“VAERS” Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System

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57
Q

Infancy-Information statements that must be given to parents before administration of given vaccines

A

Vaccine Information Statements (VIS)

Provide updated information for parent/guardian of child being vaccinated

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58
Q

Infancy-Injury Prevention -Infant

A

Latex balloons
Crib bedding
Stuffed animals
Plastic bags
Cords (drapery and window blinds)

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59
Q

traditional definition of growth

A

limited to PHYSICAL maturation

A more appropriate definition includes FUNCTIONAL maturation

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60
Q

An increase in number and size of cells as they divide and synthesize new proteins
Results in increased size and weight of the whole or any of its parts

A

Growth

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61
Q

Percentile of growth is a statistical representation of 100 children and placement within the 100 members of comparison group

A

Percentiles of growth

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62
Q

A gradual change and expansion
Advancement from a lower to a more advanced stage of complexity
Increased capacity through growth, maturation, and learning

A

Development

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63
Q

“head to tail”

A

Cephalocaudal

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64
Q

“center to periphery”

A

Proximodistal

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65
Q

Periods of Growth-Infancy

A

Most rapid

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66
Q

Periods of Growth-Preschool to puberty

A

Rate of growth slows

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67
Q

Periods of Growth-Puberty
Postpuberty

A

Decline in rate of growth
Until death

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68
Q

Factors Influencing Growth

A

Heredity
Nutrition
Gender
Disease
Environment:
Hazards
Socioeconomic influences
Season, climate, and oxygen concentration

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69
Q

Physical growth potential—height, weight, body shape, features

A

HEREDITY

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70
Q

NUTRITION

A

Largest single influence on growth

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71
Q

positively correlates with diminished height, weight, and IQ in later life

A

Severe malnutrition during critical periods of development (e.g., 0-6 months)

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72
Q

Influences are different; different growth charts; onset of puberty; full adult size attained earlier in girls

A

GENDER

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73
Q

Skeletal disorders—dwarfism, chromosome anomalies, disorders of metabolism and poor absorption of nutrients
Chronic disease leading to chronic (even subacute) hypoxia—small, short stature, poor growth patterns
Examples: Cystic fibrosis, respiratory diseases, cardiac lesions

A

DISEASE

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74
Q

Carcinogens (e.g., Love Canal, Chernobyl), chemicals, radiation
Unsafe environment&raquo_space; Injuries
Passive inhalation of tobacco smoke
Polluted water, air, food

A

ENVIRONMENTAL

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75
Q

Higher socioeconomic status (SES) = healthier overall
Availability of good nutrition, especially protein sources
Hazardous environments (e.g., unsafe neighborhoods)
Education—difficult to quantify but affects outcome at some level

A

SOCIOECONOMIC INFLUENCES:

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76
Q

Children appear to grow in HEIGHT faster in spring and summer; gain weight in fall and winter
Hormonal? Or activity related?
Sunny climate—ultraviolet damage to skin and eyes
Chronic hypoxia—also children in high altitudes generally smaller than those at lower altitudes

A

SEASON, CLIMATE, OXYGEN:

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77
Q

Heredity and environment
Gender differences vs. cultural expectations
Disease
Prenatal influences
Socioeconomic status
Interpersonal relationships
Stress
Television and mass media

A

Factors Influencing Development

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78
Q

Heredity and environment BOTH affect

A

development,

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79
Q

Aggressive play in boys; verbal aggression in girls—even at VERY young ages and in solo play
Imitation and modeling vs. inherent developmental-behavioral differences

For preschoolers playing with dolls, nurturing no different among genders; at ages 6-10 girls become more nurturing

A

Gender behaviors in children

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80
Q

Disease effect on development

A

regressive behavior

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81
Q

chronic inner stress

A

Prolonged state of disequilibrium

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82
Q

Passive smoke, alcohol exposure, other substances such as RXs, illicit drugs, and poor maternal nutrition&raquo_space; poor pregnancy weight gain&raquo_space; IUGR
Prematurity as major influence on neonatal and infant development

A

PRENATAL INFLUENCES

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83
Q

Influences on development may be perceived as “judgmental” but are historically evident
When children with same disease or disorder are compared, higher SES will have higher developmental outcome

A

SES

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84
Q

Parents, siblings, extended family members
Need for love and affection—SAFETY and security needs
Discipline and authority
Dependence-independence
Emotional deprivation

A

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

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85
Q

Stress of hospitalization
Fears of childhood

A

STRESS in childhood

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86
Q

Identification with behaviors and/or characters indicative of immaturity and possibly mimicking behaviors
Repeated exposure in media&raquo_space; alters view of “normal” behavior and human interaction
TV and Internet&raquo_space; physical inactivity&raquo_space; childhood obesity, childhood depression

A

TV and mass media

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87
Q

Developmental Theorists-psychosexual

A

Freud

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88
Q

Developmental Theorists-psychosocial

A

Erikson

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89
Q

Developmental Theorists-cognitive development

A

Piaget

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90
Q

the unconscious mind—“pleasure and gratification”

A

Id

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91
Q

conscious mind—“the reality principle”

A

Ego

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92
Q

conscience or moral arbitrator—“the ideal”

A

Superego

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93
Q

Erikson-Trust vs. mistrust

A

birth–1 year

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94
Q

Erikson-Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

A

1–3 years

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95
Q

Erikson-Initiative vs. guilt

A

3–6 years

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96
Q

Erikson-Industry vs. inferiority

A

6–12 years

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97
Q

Erikson-Identity vs. role confusion

A

12–18 years

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98
Q

Intuitive
Concrete operational
Formal operational

A

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

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99
Q

Piaget-Sensorimotor

A

birth–2 years

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100
Q

Piaget-Preoperational

A

2–7 years

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101
Q

Piaget-Concrete operations

A

7–11 years

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102
Q

Piaget-Formal operations

A

11–15 years

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103
Q

Body image
Self-esteem

A

Development of Self-Concept

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104
Q

Denver II is most widely used as

A

Developmental Screening tool

Purpose: quickly and reliably identify at-risk children for further investigation

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105
Q

“The TERRIBLE Two’s”

A

Age 12-36 months
Intense period of exploration
Temper tantrums/obstinacy occur frequently/rapid mood swings

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106
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Respiratory

A

Lymphoid tissue of the tonsils, and adenoids continue to be large

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107
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Ear infections

A

Internal structures of Eustachian tube are short and straight

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108
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Biologic Development-Weight

A

Weight gain slows to 4-6 lbs/year

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109
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Biologic Development-Birth weight should be quadrupled

A

by 2½

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110
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Biologic Development-Height

A

3” per year

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111
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Biologic Development-Growth

A

is “step like” rather than “linear”

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112
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Sensory Changes-Visual acuity

A

20/40 acceptable

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113
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Hearing, smell, taste, and touch

A

increase in development

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113
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-All senses are used to:

A

explore environment

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114
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Maturation of Systems

A

Most physiologic systems relatively mature by the end of toddlerhood

115
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Maturation of Systems-Upper respiratory infections, otitis media, and tonsillitis

A

are common among toddlers

116
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-

A
117
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Voluntary control of elimination

A

Sphincter control—age 18-24 months

118
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Gross and Fine Motor Development-Improved coordination

A

between age 2-3

119
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Fine motor development-dexterity

A

Improved manual dexterity age— 12-15 months

120
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Throw a ball

A

by age 18 months

121
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Psychosocial Development-Erikson:

A

“Autonomy” vs. “shame and doubt”
“Negativism”

122
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Freud

A

Id, ego, superego/conscience

123
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-“Ritualization”

A

provides sense of comfort

124
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Invention of New Means Through Mental Combinations

A

Imitation of behaviors
Domestic mimicry
Concept of time still embryonic

125
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Development of Body Image-Refer to body parts

A

by name

125
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Development of Body Image-avoid in toddlers negative labels about:

A

about physical appearance

126
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Recognize sexual differences by:

A

age 2

127
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Language-Increasing level of

A

comprehension

128
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Language-Increasing ability

A

to understand

129
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Personal Social Behavior-Toddlers develop skills of:

A

independence

130
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Skills for independence may result in:

A

tyrannical, strong-willed, volatile behaviors

131
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Skills include :

A

feeding, playing, dressing, and undressing self

132
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Coping with Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development:

A

Toilet training
Sibling rivalry
Temper tantrums
Negativism
Regressive behavior

133
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training: Voluntary sphincter control:

A

age 2 years

134
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training: to stay dry for

A

2 hrs

135
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training: Willingness to please parents

A

motivates child to toilet train

136
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training: Curiosity

A

about adults’ or sibling’s toilet habits

137
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training: Impatient

A

with wet or soiled diapers

138
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training: Bowel control is usually accomplished

A

before bladder control

139
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training: Nighttime bladder control may take

A

months to years after daytime control

140
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Temper tantrums

A

Objecting to discipline-lying on floor, kicking feet, screaming

141
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Temper tantrums- what to do?

A

Ignore the behavior while assuring the child remains safe

142
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-“NO responses
Reduce the opportunity for NO answers
Give choice answers is known as?–

A

Negativism

143
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Retreat from one’s present pattern of functioning
Often brought on by stress
Best approach is to ignore the behavior while praising existing patterns of appropriate behavior

A

Regressive behavior

144
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Promoting Optimum Health During Toddlerhood-Nutrition-phenomenon of: “physiologic anorexia”, or “toddler eating slump”

A

Nutrition

145
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Nutrition-“physiologic anorexia”, or “toddler eating slump”

A

Allow for nutritious snacks and meals

146
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Sleep

A

activity-total sleep decreases

147
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Dental health

A

Regular dental exams (> 6 months)
Removal of plaque (parents to brush at this age)
Fluoride
Low-cariogenic diet

148
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Leading cause of death

A

Unintentional Injuries

149
Q

Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Injury Prevention

A

Motor vehicle injuries: car seat safety
Drowning
Burns
Poisoning
Aspiration and suffocation-foreign body aspiration most common during the second year of life
Bodily damage-accidents

150
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-age period

A

age 3-5 years

151
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Preparation for most significant lifestyle change

A

going to school
Experience brief and prolonged separation

152
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-attention span and memory

A

Increased

153
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Biologic Development-Physical growth

A

slows and stabilizes

154
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Average weight gain remains about

A

5 lbs/year

155
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Average height increases

A

2½” to 3”/year

156
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Body systems

A

mature and stabilize; can adjust to moderate stress and change

157
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Gross and Fine Motor Behavior

A

walking, running, climbing, and jumping well established

157
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Freud

A

Development of superego (conscience)
Learning right from wrong/moral development

158
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Refinement in eye-hand and muscle coordination

A

Drawing, art work, skillful manipulation

159
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Guilt

A

Feelings of guilt, anxiety, and fear may result from thoughts that differ from expected behavior

159
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Psychosocial Development: Erikson

A

developing sense of initiative

159
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Chief psychosocial task of preschool period

A

developing sense of initiative

160
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Cognitive Development

A

Readiness for school
Readiness for scholastic learning
Typically age 5-6 years

161
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family- Time orientation-is not completely_______

A

Incompletely understood
I went to the store last year could mean yesterday
When talking to children of this age, try to place event with a daily occurrence
For example: if a child needs to take his medicine at 2pm, the nurse may say…”you will take your medicine after lunch.”

161
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Cognitive Development (cont’d)

A

Language continues to develop
Concept of causality beginning to develop
Concept of time incompletely understood
Utilize “magical thinking” frequently

161
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Development of Body Image- increasing comprehension of

A

“desirable” appearances

162
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Development of Body Image-increased awareness of:

A

Aware of racial identity, differences in appearances, and biases

162
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Social Development-Individuation

A

separation process is completed

163
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family- Still need

A

parental security and guidance
Security from familiar objects

163
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Overcome

A

Overcome stranger anxiety and fear of separation from parents

164
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-

A
164
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Play therapy

A

beneficial for working through fears, anxieties, and fantasies

164
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Vocabulary increases dramatically between

A

age 2-5

164
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Language

A

Major mode of communication and social interaction

165
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Complexity of language use increases between age

A

2-5

166
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Personal-Social Behavior-

A

Self-dressing
Willing to please
Have internalized values and standards of family and culture
May begin to challenge parental values

167
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Sex Education

A

Find out what children know and think
Be honest
Avoid “over-answering” the question

168
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Fears

A

Dark
Being left alone
Animals (snakes, large dogs, etc.)
Ghosts
Objects or persons associated with pain
Technique of desensitization to overcome fears
Night lights helpful

168
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family- Sexual exploration/sexual curiosity

A

curiosity-do not become overly concerned. Do not punish or condone

169
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Stress-Minimum amounts of stress

A

can be beneficial to help develop coping skills

170
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family- Parental awareness

A

of signs of stress in child’s life

171
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Prevention of

A

extreme stress

172
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Schedule

A

adequate rest

173
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Aggression

A

gender, frustration, modeling, and reinforcement

174
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family- Speech Problems

A

Stuttering-normal
Stammering-normal
Dyslalia: articulation problems

175
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Nutrition-Caloric requirements approximately

A

90 kcal/kg

176
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Fluid requirements approximately

A

100 mL/kg depending on activity and climate

177
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Food fads

A

strong tastes common

178
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-sleep

A

12 hrs sleep per night, infrequently naps

179
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Free play

A

encouraged

180
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Free play-Emphasis on

A

fun and safety

181
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Sleep Problems

A

Thorough assessment of sleep problems
Nightmares-can remember dream

182
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Sleep terrors

A

Not fully awake
Don’t remember event
Excessive crying and difficulty to console during the event

183
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-consistent bedtime routine

A

Encourage

184
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Dental Health-Eruption

A

of deciduous teeth is complete

185
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Dental Health

A

Professional care and prophylaxis

186
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Dental Health

A

Fluoride supplements

187
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Injury Prevention

A

Safety education
Development of long-term safety behaviors
Bike helmets

188
Q

Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family

A

Childcare focus shifts from protection to education
Children begin questioning previous teachings of parents
Children begin to prefer companionship of peers

189
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Biologic Development-Height increases by

A

2 inches per year

190
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Weight increases

A

by 2 to 3 kilograms per year

191
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Promoting Optimum-growth and Development-School age is

A

generally defined as age 6 to 12 years

Gradual growth and development

Progress with physical and emotional maturity

Males and females differ little in size

192
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Maturation of Systems-Bladder

A

capacity increases

193
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Maturation of Systems-Heart

A

smaller in relation to the rest of the body

194
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Maturation of Systems-Immune system

A

is increasingly effective

195
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Maturation of Systems-Bones

A

increase in ossification

196
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family

A
197
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Maturation of Systems-Physical maturity

A

Physical maturity is not necessarily correlated with emotional and social maturity

198
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Prepubescence

A

Defined as the 2 years preceding puberty
Typically occurs during preadolescence

199
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Prepubescence

A

Varying ages from 9 to 12 years (in girls, it occurs about 2 years earlier than in boys)

200
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-AVG age puberty

A

Average age of puberty is 12 years in girls and 14 years in boys

201
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family

A
202
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Psychosocial Development

A

Relationships center around same-sex peers

203
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Freud-

A

Freud described it as the latency period of psychosexual development

204
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Erikson: Developing a Sense of Industry

A

Eager to develop skills and participate in meaningful and socially useful work
Acquires a sense of personal and interpersonal competence
Growing sense of independence
Peer approval is a strong motivator

205
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Piaget: Cognitive Development

A

Concrete operations
Use thought processes to experience events and actions
Develop an understanding of relationships between things and ideas
Able to make judgments based on reason (conceptual thinking)

206
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Social Development

A

Importance of the peer group
Identification with peers is a strong influence in a child gaining independence from parents
Sex roles are strongly influenced by peer relationships

207
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Relationships with Families-primary influence in shaping a child’s personality, behavior, and value system

A

Parents are the

208
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Increasing independence

A

from parents is the primary goal of middle childhood

209
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Children are not ready

A

to abandon parental control

210
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Play -involves

A

Involves physical skill, intellectual ability, and fantasy

211
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-at this age they form

A

groups, cliques, clubs, secret societies
Rules and rituals
See the need for rules in games they play

212
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-types of play

A

Team play
Quiet games and activities
Ego mastery

213
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Sex Education

A

Sex play as part of normal curiosity during preadolescence

214
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Middle childhood is the ideal time for

A

formal sex education

Life span approach
Information on sexual maturity and the process of reproduction
Effective communication with parents

215
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Developing a Self-Concept-definition

A

Definition: A conscious awareness of a variety of self-perceptions (e.g., abilities, values, appearances)

Importance of significant adults in shaping a child’s self-concept

216
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Positive self-concept leads

A

to feelings of self-respect, self-confidence, and happiness

217
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Developing a Body Image-Generally, children

A

like their physical selves less as they grow older

Body image is influenced by significant others

Increased awareness of “differences” may influence feelings of inferiority

218
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Promoting Optimum Health During the School Years-Nutrition-Importance of

A

balanced diet to promote growth
Quality of the diet related to the family’s pattern of eating
Quality of dietary choices in the school cafeteria
“Fast food” concerns

219
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Sleep and Rest-avg amount of sleep

A

sleep a night is 9½ hours in school-age children, but this is highly individualized

220
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Sleep- they may

A

resist going to bed at age 8 to 11 years

Children of 12 years and older are generally less resistant to bedtimes

221
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Exercise and Activity-Sports concerns

A

Sports
Controversy regarding early participation in competitive sports
Concerns with physical and emotional maturity in competitive environment

222
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Activity-

A

Acquisition of skills
Generally like competition

223
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Dental Health

A

Stage begins with the shedding of the first deciduous teeth
Eruption of permanent teeth
Good dental hygiene
Prevention of dental caries
Malocclusion
Dental injury
Dental avulsion (replacement or reattachment)

224
Q

Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Injury Prevention-most common cause of severe injury and death

A

motor vehicle crashes, pedestrian and passenger

Bicycle injuries; benefits of bike helmets
Appropriate safety equipment for all sports

225
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Promoting Optimum Growth and Development-transition between

A

between childhood and adulthood

226
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-physical, cognitive, social, and emotional maturation is

A

Rapid

227
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Generally defined as beginning with the

A

puberty and ending with the cessation of body growth at 18 to 20 years

228
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Prepubescence:

A

About 2 years before puberty, heralding physical changes

229
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Puberty

A

Sexual maturity is achieved

230
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Postpubescence:

A

1 to 2 years after puberty; skeletal growth is complete and reproductive functions become established

231
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Adolescence:

A

Time of growing into psychological, social, and physical maturation

232
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Biologic Development-Primary sex characteristics

A

External and internal organs necessary for reproduction

232
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Neuroendocrine Events of Puberty-role of

A

Role of anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

232
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Secondary sex characteristics

A

Result of hormonal changes: Voice change, hair growth, breast enlargement, fat deposits
Play no direct role in reproduction

233
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-

A
233
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-

A
233
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Neuroendocrine Events of Puberty-hormones

A

stimulate gonads

234
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Gonads produce and release

A

gametes

235
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Gonads secrete

A

appropriate hormones

236
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family- Sex Hormones-secreted by

A

by ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands

237
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-

A

Produced in varying amounts by both sexes throughout the life span

237
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Maturation of gonads produces

A

biologic changes of puberty

237
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-

A
237
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Estrogen

A

In females, levels increase until about 3 years after menarche; estrogen then remains at this maximum level throughout reproductive life

238
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Adrenal cortex causes

A

secretion before puberty

238
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-“Feminizing hormone”

A

Estrogen

Low production during childhood
In males, there is gradual production throughout maturation

238
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-“Masculinizing hormones”

A

androgens

Secreted in small and gradually increasing amounts up to 7 to 9 years; then rapid increase in both sexes until 15 years

Responsible for rapid growth of the early teenager

238
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family- Testes secrete

A

Testes secrete testosterone; levels increase to a maximum level at maturity

Boys have a more rapid increase of androgen until about age 15 years.

239
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Adrenarche

A

(8 to 13 years): Pubic hair growth

239
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-

A
239
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Sexual Maturation for Females-Thelarche

A

Thelarche (8 to 13 years): Breast buds

239
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Sexual Maturation-Tanner stages

A

Tanner stages of sexual maturity
Stages of development of secondary sex characteristics and genital development
Defined as a guide for estimating sexual maturity

239
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Menarche:

A

About 2 years after thelarche, menstruation begins

239
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Puberty “delay”:

A

No thelarche by age 13 years

240
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Sexual Maturation for Males-stage 1

A

(9½ to 14 years): Testicular enlargement and sparse pubic hair

241
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Physical Growth-Adolescent growth spurt

A

Dramatic increase in growth accompanies sexual maturation

Adolescent growth spurt
20% to 25% of total height is achieved during puberty
Usually occurs within a 24- to 36-month period
Characteristic sequence of changes

242
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Stage 3

A

Penile enlargement, voice changes, early facial hair; gynecomastia (temporary breast enlargement) occurs in 1/3 of males in midpuberty

243
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Stage 5:

A

Penile growth, first ejaculation, axillary, groin, and facial hair, final voice change

244
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Sex Differences in General Growth Patterns

A

Appear to be the result of hormonal effects during puberty
Skeletal growth
Voice changes
Lean body mass
Non–lean body mass
Skin, glands, and hair

245
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Physiologic Changes

A
246
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-

A

Size and strength of heart, blood volume, and systolic blood pressure increase
Pulse rate and basal heat production decrease
Adult values for all formed elements of blood
Respiratory volume and vital capacity increase
Increased performance capabilities

247
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Psychosocial Development-Erikson

A

Sense of identity
Early adolescent: Group identity versus alienation
Development of personal identity versus role diffusion
Sex role identity
Emotionality

248
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Piaget: Cognitive Development

A

Formal operations period
Abstract thinking
Think beyond present
Mental manipulation of multiple variables
Concerned about others’ thoughts and needs

249
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Social Development-goal is to

A

Goal is to define one’s identity independently from parental authority
Much ambivalence
Intense sociability; intense loneliness
Acceptance by peers

250
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family- Relationships with Parents

A

Roles change from “protection–dependency” to “mutual affection and equality”
Process involves turmoil and ambiguity
Struggle of privileges and responsibility
Emancipation from parents may begin with the rejection of parents by the teenager

251
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Relationships with Peers

A

Peers assume an increasingly significant role in adolescence (“best friend”)
Peers provide a sense of belonging and a feeling of strength and power
Peers form a transitional world between dependence and autonomy
Role of social media and advanced technology

251
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Adolescent Sexuality

A

Dating
Sexual orientation
Sexual experimentation (wide range)
Reasons for sexual experimentation
Curiosity
Pleasure
Conquest
Peer pressure to conform

252
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Development of Self-Concept and Body Image

A

Feelings of confusion in early adolescence
Acute awareness of appearance, comparison of appearance with others
Blemishes and defects are magnified out of proportion
Matures to self-concept based on uniqueness and individuality

253
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Responses to Puberty

A

Responses differ depending on the stage of development
Curiosity in early adolescence
Concerns with “Am I normal?”
Concerns for late-maturing teens
Concept of “perfect body” achievement

254
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Promoting Optimum Health During Adolescence

A

Assumption of responsibility for health
Assess for risk factors (GAPS)
Immunizations
Nutrition
Eating habits and behaviors
Healthy lifestyle habits

255
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Promoting Optimum Health During Adolescence

A

Sleep and rest
Exercise and activity
Dental health
Personal care
Vision, hearing
Posture
Body art (piercing and tattooing)
Suntanning, ultraviolet damage

256
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Promoting Optimum Health During Adolescence

A

Stress reduction
Sexuality education and guidance
Media influences
Knowledge from peers, TV, movies, magazines
Need factual information, presentation based on developmental maturity and ability to ask questions
Role modeling

257
Q

Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Injury Prevention

A

Motor vehicle crashes are the single greatest cause of serious and fatal injuries in teens
Other vehicles
Firearms and other weapons
Sports injuries
Water safety
Poisoning, tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs

Pediatrics (5 decks)

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