Growth and Development Flashcards
1
Q
Infancy-Birth to 12 months-weight gain per week
A
5-7 ounces
2
Q
Infancy-Double birth weight by age
A
6 months
3
Q
Infancy-Triple birth weight by age
A
1 year
4
Q
Infancy-Height increases by 1 inch per month for:
A
6 months
5
Q
Infancy-Growth–Birth to 12 months
A
“spurts” rather than gradual pattern
6
Q
Infancy-Posterior fontanel
A
fuses by 6-8 weeks
7
Q
Infancy-Anterior fontanel closes
A
12-18 months
8
Q
Infancy-Systems maturing -Respiratory
A
rate slows, and becomes more regular
9
Q
Infancy-Systems maturing-Immunologic system-
A
immature
10
Q
Infancy-Systems maturing-Cardiovascular
A
HR slows
11
Q
Infancy-Systems maturing- Hemopoietic changes-
A
fetal hgb decrease, maternal iron stores until 5 months
12
Q
Infancy-Systems maturing-Digestive processes-
A
immature
13
Q
Infancy-Systems maturing-Thermoregulation
A
becomes more efficient
14
Q
Infancy-Systems maturing-Sensory
A
binocularity occurs by 6 months.
15
Q
Infancy-Four Areas of Development
A
Fine Motor
Gross Motor
Language
Social
16
Q
Infancy-Fine Motor Development -Grasping object
A
age 2-3 months – hold a rattle but will not reach for it-4 months will grasp objects voluntarily
17
Q
Infancy-Fine Motor Development-Transfer object between hands
A
age 7 months
18
Q
Infancy-Fine Motor Development-Pincer grasp age
A
9 months
19
Q
Infancy-Fine Motor Development-Remove objects from container
A
age 11 months
20
Q
Infancy-Fine Motor Development-Build tower of two blocks
A
age 12 months
21
Q
Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Head Control
A
has almost no head lag when pulled to sitting position
22
Q
Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Rolling
A
4 months – Rolls from back to side
6 months – Rolls from back to abdomen, abdomen to back
23
Q
Infancy-Gross Motor Development-sitting
A
4 months – balances head well in sitting position
6 months – Will sit in high chair with straight back
7 months – Leans on hands
8 months – Sits steadily unsupported
24
Q
Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Locomotion-Moves from prone to sitting position
A
10 months
25
Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Locomotion-Crawling
6 -7 months
26
Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Locomotion-Creeping on hands and knees
9 months
27
Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Locomotion-Pull to standing and holds on to furniture
9 months
28
Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Locomotion-Cruising/Walking with assistance
11 months
29
Infancy-Gross Motor Development-Locomotion-Walks alone
12 months
30
Infancy-Social Development-
31
Infancy-Social Development-Attachment!
Babies become very attached to their primary caregiver – anyone who is meeting their daily needs
32
Infancy-Social Development-Social smile
2 months
33
Infancy-Social Development-Enjoys interaction, begins to show memory
4 months
34
Infancy-Social Development-Stranger Anxiety
6 months
35
Infancy-Social Development-Separation Anxiety
8- 9 months
36
Infancy-Social Development-understands “NO”
9 months
37
Infancy-Social Development-Object permanence
begins at 6 months, well established by 10 months
38
Infancy-Language Development-Crying is first verbal communication
relays needs and messages to caretakers
39
Infancy-Language Development-relays needs and messages to caretakers
2 months
40
Infancy-Language Development-Makes consonant sounds, LAUGHS
4 months
41
Infancy-Language Development-Imitates sounds, Babbling resembles one syllable utterances
6 months
42
Infancy-Language Development-understands social language – talks when others are talking
7 months
43
Infancy-Language Development-May say one word
10 months
44
Language Development-3-5 words with meaning
12 months-
45
Infancy-Teething-Begins
Begins around 4 months and continues until 2 year old molars erupt between the ages of 18 mo and 3 yo.
46
Infancy-Teething-First sign of teething around 4 months
drooling
47
Infancy-Teething-Pain
inflammation;
Pulling at ears
48
Infancy-Teething-eruptions may begin with two lower central incisors
6 months
49
Infancy-Nutrition during infancy-Nutrition
breast milk is first choice for first 6 months of life
50
Infancy-Nutrition during infancy-Formula
needs accurate dilution
51
Infancy-Nutrition during infancy-Introduction of solid foods
4-6 months
52
Infancy-Nutrition during infancy-Introduce foods at intervals
4-7 days to allow for identification of food allergies – old recommendation;
May vary depending on situation – new recommendations
Weaning from breast or bottle
53
Infancy-Nutrition during infancy-Whole milk
after 12 months – AAP recommendations until 2yo, then low fat milk
54
Infancy-Walking – Infant shoes
Inexpensive, well-constructed athletic shoes or soft leather moccasin-type shoes
Hard inflexible shoes (high tops, etc.) may delay walking
Barefoot is best!
55
Infant-Immunizations
Recommendations provided by:
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
56
Infancy-To report any adverse reactions after administration of any vaccine
“VAERS” Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
57
Infancy-Information statements that must be given to parents before administration of given vaccines
Vaccine Information Statements (VIS)
Provide updated information for parent/guardian of child being vaccinated
58
Infancy-Injury Prevention -Infant
Latex balloons
Crib bedding
Stuffed animals
Plastic bags
Cords (drapery and window blinds)
59
traditional definition of growth
limited to PHYSICAL maturation
A more appropriate definition includes FUNCTIONAL maturation
60
An increase in number and size of cells as they divide and synthesize new proteins
Results in increased size and weight of the whole or any of its parts
Growth
61
Percentile of growth is a statistical representation of 100 children and placement within the 100 members of comparison group
Percentiles of growth
62
A gradual change and expansion
Advancement from a lower to a more advanced stage of complexity
Increased capacity through growth, maturation, and learning
Development
63
“head to tail”
Cephalocaudal
64
“center to periphery”
Proximodistal
65
Periods of Growth-Infancy
Most rapid
66
Periods of Growth-Preschool to puberty
Rate of growth slows
67
Periods of Growth-Puberty
Postpuberty
Decline in rate of growth
Until death
68
Factors Influencing Growth
Heredity
Nutrition
Gender
Disease
Environment:
Hazards
Socioeconomic influences
Season, climate, and oxygen concentration
69
Physical growth potential—height, weight, body shape, features
HEREDITY
70
NUTRITION
Largest single influence on growth
71
positively correlates with diminished height, weight, and IQ in later life
Severe malnutrition during critical periods of development (e.g., 0-6 months)
72
Influences are different; different growth charts; onset of puberty; full adult size attained earlier in girls
GENDER
73
Skeletal disorders—dwarfism, chromosome anomalies, disorders of metabolism and poor absorption of nutrients
Chronic disease leading to chronic (even subacute) hypoxia—small, short stature, poor growth patterns
Examples: Cystic fibrosis, respiratory diseases, cardiac lesions
DISEASE
74
Carcinogens (e.g., Love Canal, Chernobyl), chemicals, radiation
Unsafe environment >> Injuries
Passive inhalation of tobacco smoke
Polluted water, air, food
ENVIRONMENTAL
75
Higher socioeconomic status (SES) = healthier overall
Availability of good nutrition, especially protein sources
Hazardous environments (e.g., unsafe neighborhoods)
Education—difficult to quantify but affects outcome at some level
SOCIOECONOMIC INFLUENCES:
76
Children appear to grow in HEIGHT faster in spring and summer; gain weight in fall and winter
Hormonal? Or activity related?
Sunny climate—ultraviolet damage to skin and eyes
Chronic hypoxia—also children in high altitudes generally smaller than those at lower altitudes
SEASON, CLIMATE, OXYGEN:
77
Heredity and environment
Gender differences vs. cultural expectations
Disease
Prenatal influences
Socioeconomic status
Interpersonal relationships
Stress
Television and mass media
Factors Influencing Development
78
Heredity and environment BOTH affect
development,
79
Aggressive play in boys; verbal aggression in girls—even at VERY young ages and in solo play
Imitation and modeling vs. inherent developmental-behavioral differences
For preschoolers playing with dolls, nurturing no different among genders; at ages 6-10 girls become more nurturing
Gender behaviors in children
80
Disease effect on development
regressive behavior
81
chronic inner stress
Prolonged state of disequilibrium
82
Passive smoke, alcohol exposure, other substances such as RXs, illicit drugs, and poor maternal nutrition >> poor pregnancy weight gain >> IUGR
Prematurity as major influence on neonatal and infant development
PRENATAL INFLUENCES
83
Influences on development may be perceived as “judgmental” but are historically evident
When children with same disease or disorder are compared, higher SES will have higher developmental outcome
SES
84
Parents, siblings, extended family members
Need for love and affection—SAFETY and security needs
Discipline and authority
Dependence-independence
Emotional deprivation
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
85
Stress of hospitalization
Fears of childhood
STRESS in childhood
86
Identification with behaviors and/or characters indicative of immaturity and possibly mimicking behaviors
Repeated exposure in media >> alters view of “normal” behavior and human interaction
TV and Internet >> physical inactivity >> childhood obesity, childhood depression
TV and mass media
87
Developmental Theorists-psychosexual
Freud
88
Developmental Theorists-psychosocial
Erikson
89
Developmental Theorists-cognitive development
Piaget
90
the unconscious mind—“pleasure and gratification”
Id
91
conscious mind—“the reality principle”
Ego
92
conscience or moral arbitrator—“the ideal”
Superego
93
Erikson-Trust vs. mistrust
birth–1 year
94
Erikson-Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
1–3 years
95
Erikson-Initiative vs. guilt
3–6 years
96
Erikson-Industry vs. inferiority
6–12 years
97
Erikson-Identity vs. role confusion
12–18 years
98
Intuitive
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
99
Piaget-Sensorimotor
birth–2 years
100
Piaget-Preoperational
2–7 years
101
Piaget-Concrete operations
7–11 years
102
Piaget-Formal operations
11–15 years
103
Body image
Self-esteem
Development of Self-Concept
104
Denver II is most widely used as
Developmental Screening tool
Purpose: quickly and reliably identify at-risk children for further investigation
105
“The TERRIBLE Two’s”
Age 12-36 months
Intense period of exploration
Temper tantrums/obstinacy occur frequently/rapid mood swings
106
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Respiratory
Lymphoid tissue of the tonsils, and adenoids continue to be large
107
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Ear infections
Internal structures of Eustachian tube are short and straight
108
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Biologic Development-Weight
Weight gain slows to 4-6 lbs/year
109
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Biologic Development-Birth weight should be quadrupled
by 2½
110
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Biologic Development-Height
3” per year
111
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Biologic Development-Growth
is “step like” rather than “linear”
112
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Sensory Changes-Visual acuity
20/40 acceptable
113
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Hearing, smell, taste, and touch
increase in development
113
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-All senses are used to:
explore environment
114
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Maturation of Systems
Most physiologic systems relatively mature by the end of toddlerhood
115
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Maturation of Systems-Upper respiratory infections, otitis media, and tonsillitis
are common among toddlers
116
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-
117
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Voluntary control of elimination
Sphincter control—age 18-24 months
118
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Gross and Fine Motor Development-Improved coordination
between age 2-3
119
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Fine motor development-dexterity
Improved manual dexterity age— 12-15 months
120
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Throw a ball
by age 18 months
121
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Psychosocial Development-Erikson:
“Autonomy” vs. “shame and doubt”
“Negativism”
122
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Freud
Id, ego, superego/conscience
123
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-“Ritualization”
provides sense of comfort
124
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Invention of New Means Through Mental Combinations
Imitation of behaviors
Domestic mimicry
Concept of time still embryonic
125
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Development of Body Image-Refer to body parts
by name
125
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Development of Body Image-avoid in toddlers negative labels about:
about physical appearance
126
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Recognize sexual differences by:
age 2
127
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Language-Increasing level of
comprehension
128
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Language-Increasing ability
to understand
129
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Personal Social Behavior-Toddlers develop skills of:
independence
130
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Skills for independence may result in:
tyrannical, strong-willed, volatile behaviors
131
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Skills include :
feeding, playing, dressing, and undressing self
132
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Coping with Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development:
Toilet training
Sibling rivalry
Temper tantrums
Negativism
Regressive behavior
133
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training: Voluntary sphincter control:
age 2 years
134
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training: to stay dry for
2 hrs
135
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training: Willingness to please parents
motivates child to toilet train
136
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training: Curiosity
about adults' or sibling’s toilet habits
137
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training: Impatient
with wet or soiled diapers
138
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training: Bowel control is usually accomplished
before bladder control
139
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training: Nighttime bladder control may take
months to years after daytime control
140
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Temper tantrums
Objecting to discipline-lying on floor, kicking feet, screaming
141
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Temper tantrums- what to do?
Ignore the behavior while assuring the child remains safe
142
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-"NO responses
Reduce the opportunity for NO answers
Give choice answers is known as?--
Negativism
143
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Retreat from one’s present pattern of functioning
Often brought on by stress
Best approach is to ignore the behavior while praising existing patterns of appropriate behavior
Regressive behavior
144
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Promoting Optimum Health During Toddlerhood-Nutrition-phenomenon of: “physiologic anorexia”, or “toddler eating slump”
Nutrition
145
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Nutrition-“physiologic anorexia”, or “toddler eating slump”
Allow for nutritious snacks and meals
146
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Sleep
activity-total sleep decreases
147
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Dental health
Regular dental exams (> 6 months)
Removal of plaque (parents to brush at this age)
Fluoride
Low-cariogenic diet
148
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Leading cause of death
Unintentional Injuries
149
Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family-Injury Prevention
Motor vehicle injuries: car seat safety
Drowning
Burns
Poisoning
Aspiration and suffocation-foreign body aspiration most common during the second year of life
Bodily damage-accidents
150
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-age period
age 3-5 years
151
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Preparation for most significant lifestyle change
going to school
Experience brief and prolonged separation
152
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-attention span and memory
Increased
153
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Biologic Development-Physical growth
slows and stabilizes
154
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Average weight gain remains about
5 lbs/year
155
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Average height increases
2½” to 3”/year
156
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Body systems
mature and stabilize; can adjust to moderate stress and change
157
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Gross and Fine Motor Behavior
walking, running, climbing, and jumping well established
157
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Freud
Development of superego (conscience)
Learning right from wrong/moral development
158
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Refinement in eye-hand and muscle coordination
Drawing, art work, skillful manipulation
159
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Guilt
Feelings of guilt, anxiety, and fear may result from thoughts that differ from expected behavior
159
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Psychosocial Development: Erikson
developing sense of initiative
159
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Chief psychosocial task of preschool period
developing sense of initiative
160
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Cognitive Development
Readiness for school
Readiness for scholastic learning
Typically age 5-6 years
161
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family- Time orientation-is not completely_______
Incompletely understood
I went to the store last year could mean yesterday
When talking to children of this age, try to place event with a daily occurrence
For example: if a child needs to take his medicine at 2pm, the nurse may say…”you will take your medicine after lunch.”
161
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Cognitive Development (cont’d)
Language continues to develop
Concept of causality beginning to develop
Concept of time incompletely understood
Utilize “magical thinking” frequently
161
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Development of Body Image- increasing comprehension of
“desirable” appearances
162
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Development of Body Image-increased awareness of:
Aware of racial identity, differences in appearances, and biases
162
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Social Development-Individuation
separation process is completed
163
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family- Still need
parental security and guidance
Security from familiar objects
163
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Overcome
Overcome stranger anxiety and fear of separation from parents
164
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-
164
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Play therapy
beneficial for working through fears, anxieties, and fantasies
164
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Vocabulary increases dramatically between
age 2-5
164
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Language
Major mode of communication and social interaction
165
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Complexity of language use increases between age
2-5
166
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Personal-Social Behavior-
Self-dressing
Willing to please
Have internalized values and standards of family and culture
May begin to challenge parental values
167
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Sex Education
Find out what children know and think
Be honest
Avoid “over-answering” the question
168
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Fears
Dark
Being left alone
Animals (snakes, large dogs, etc.)
Ghosts
Objects or persons associated with pain
Technique of desensitization to overcome fears
Night lights helpful
168
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family- Sexual exploration/sexual curiosity
curiosity-do not become overly concerned. Do not punish or condone
169
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Stress-Minimum amounts of stress
can be beneficial to help develop coping skills
170
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family- Parental awareness
of signs of stress in child’s life
171
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Prevention of
extreme stress
172
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Schedule
adequate rest
173
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Aggression
gender, frustration, modeling, and reinforcement
174
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family- Speech Problems
Stuttering-normal
Stammering-normal
Dyslalia: articulation problems
175
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Nutrition-Caloric requirements approximately
90 kcal/kg
176
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Fluid requirements approximately
100 mL/kg depending on activity and climate
177
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Food fads
strong tastes common
178
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-sleep
12 hrs sleep per night, infrequently naps
179
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Free play
encouraged
180
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Free play-Emphasis on
fun and safety
181
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Sleep Problems
Thorough assessment of sleep problems
Nightmares-can remember dream
182
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Sleep terrors
Not fully awake
Don’t remember event
Excessive crying and difficulty to console during the event
183
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-consistent bedtime routine
Encourage
184
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Dental Health-Eruption
of deciduous teeth is complete
185
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Dental Health
Professional care and prophylaxis
186
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Dental Health
Fluoride supplements
187
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family-Injury Prevention
Safety education
Development of long-term safety behaviors
Bike helmets
188
Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family
Childcare focus shifts from protection to education
Children begin questioning previous teachings of parents
Children begin to prefer companionship of peers
189
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Biologic Development-Height increases by
2 inches per year
190
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Weight increases
by 2 to 3 kilograms per year
191
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Promoting Optimum-growth and Development-School age is
generally defined as age 6 to 12 years
Gradual growth and development
Progress with physical and emotional maturity
Males and females differ little in size
192
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Maturation of Systems-Bladder
capacity increases
193
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Maturation of Systems-Heart
smaller in relation to the rest of the body
194
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Maturation of Systems-Immune system
is increasingly effective
195
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Maturation of Systems-Bones
increase in ossification
196
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family
197
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Maturation of Systems-Physical maturity
Physical maturity is not necessarily correlated with emotional and social maturity
198
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Prepubescence
Defined as the 2 years preceding puberty
Typically occurs during preadolescence
199
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Prepubescence
Varying ages from 9 to 12 years (in girls, it occurs about 2 years earlier than in boys)
200
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-AVG age puberty
Average age of puberty is 12 years in girls and 14 years in boys
201
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family
202
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Psychosocial Development
Relationships center around same-sex peers
203
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Freud-
Freud described it as the latency period of psychosexual development
204
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Erikson: Developing a Sense of Industry
Eager to develop skills and participate in meaningful and socially useful work
Acquires a sense of personal and interpersonal competence
Growing sense of independence
Peer approval is a strong motivator
205
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Piaget: Cognitive Development
Concrete operations
Use thought processes to experience events and actions
Develop an understanding of relationships between things and ideas
Able to make judgments based on reason (conceptual thinking)
206
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Social Development
Importance of the peer group
Identification with peers is a strong influence in a child gaining independence from parents
Sex roles are strongly influenced by peer relationships
207
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Relationships with Families-primary influence in shaping a child’s personality, behavior, and value system
Parents are the
208
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Increasing independence
from parents is the primary goal of middle childhood
209
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Children are not ready
to abandon parental control
210
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Play -involves
Involves physical skill, intellectual ability, and fantasy
211
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-at this age they form
groups, cliques, clubs, secret societies
Rules and rituals
See the need for rules in games they play
212
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-types of play
Team play
Quiet games and activities
Ego mastery
213
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Sex Education
Sex play as part of normal curiosity during preadolescence
214
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Middle childhood is the ideal time for
formal sex education
Life span approach
Information on sexual maturity and the process of reproduction
Effective communication with parents
215
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Developing a Self-Concept-definition
Definition: A conscious awareness of a variety of self-perceptions (e.g., abilities, values, appearances)
Importance of significant adults in shaping a child’s self-concept
216
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Positive self-concept leads
to feelings of self-respect, self-confidence, and happiness
217
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Developing a Body Image-Generally, children
like their physical selves less as they grow older
Body image is influenced by significant others
Increased awareness of “differences” may influence feelings of inferiority
218
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Promoting Optimum Health During the School Years-Nutrition-Importance of
balanced diet to promote growth
Quality of the diet related to the family’s pattern of eating
Quality of dietary choices in the school cafeteria
“Fast food” concerns
219
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Sleep and Rest-avg amount of sleep
sleep a night is 9½ hours in school-age children, but this is highly individualized
220
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Sleep- they may
resist going to bed at age 8 to 11 years
Children of 12 years and older are generally less resistant to bedtimes
221
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Exercise and Activity-Sports concerns
Sports
Controversy regarding early participation in competitive sports
Concerns with physical and emotional maturity in competitive environment
222
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Activity-
Acquisition of skills
Generally like competition
223
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Dental Health
Stage begins with the shedding of the first deciduous teeth
Eruption of permanent teeth
Good dental hygiene
Prevention of dental caries
Malocclusion
Dental injury
Dental avulsion (replacement or reattachment)
224
Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family-Injury Prevention-most common cause of severe injury and death
motor vehicle crashes, pedestrian and passenger
Bicycle injuries; benefits of bike helmets
Appropriate safety equipment for all sports
225
Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Promoting Optimum Growth and Development-transition between
between childhood and adulthood
226
Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-physical, cognitive, social, and emotional maturation is
Rapid
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Generally defined as beginning with the
puberty and ending with the cessation of body growth at 18 to 20 years
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Prepubescence:
About 2 years before puberty, heralding physical changes
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Puberty
Sexual maturity is achieved
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Postpubescence:
1 to 2 years after puberty; skeletal growth is complete and reproductive functions become established
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Adolescence:
Time of growing into psychological, social, and physical maturation
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Biologic Development-Primary sex characteristics
External and internal organs necessary for reproduction
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Neuroendocrine Events of Puberty-role of
Role of anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Secondary sex characteristics
Result of hormonal changes: Voice change, hair growth, breast enlargement, fat deposits
Play no direct role in reproduction
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Neuroendocrine Events of Puberty-hormones
stimulate gonads
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Gonads produce and release
gametes
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Gonads secrete
appropriate hormones
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family- Sex Hormones-secreted by
by ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands
237
Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-
Produced in varying amounts by both sexes throughout the life span
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Maturation of gonads produces
biologic changes of puberty
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Estrogen
In females, levels increase until about 3 years after menarche; estrogen then remains at this maximum level throughout reproductive life
238
Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Adrenal cortex causes
secretion before puberty
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-“Feminizing hormone”
Estrogen
Low production during childhood
In males, there is gradual production throughout maturation
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-“Masculinizing hormones”
androgens
Secreted in small and gradually increasing amounts up to 7 to 9 years; then rapid increase in both sexes until 15 years
Responsible for rapid growth of the early teenager
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family- Testes secrete
Testes secrete testosterone; levels increase to a maximum level at maturity
Boys have a more rapid increase of androgen until about age 15 years.
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Adrenarche
(8 to 13 years): Pubic hair growth
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Sexual Maturation for Females-Thelarche
Thelarche (8 to 13 years): Breast buds
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Sexual Maturation-Tanner stages
Tanner stages of sexual maturity
Stages of development of secondary sex characteristics and genital development
Defined as a guide for estimating sexual maturity
239
Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Menarche:
About 2 years after thelarche, menstruation begins
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Puberty “delay”:
No thelarche by age 13 years
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Sexual Maturation for Males-stage 1
(9½ to 14 years): Testicular enlargement and sparse pubic hair
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Physical Growth-Adolescent growth spurt
Dramatic increase in growth accompanies sexual maturation
Adolescent growth spurt
20% to 25% of total height is achieved during puberty
Usually occurs within a 24- to 36-month period
Characteristic sequence of changes
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Stage 3
Penile enlargement, voice changes, early facial hair; gynecomastia (temporary breast enlargement) occurs in 1/3 of males in midpuberty
243
Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Stage 5:
Penile growth, first ejaculation, axillary, groin, and facial hair, final voice change
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Sex Differences in General Growth Patterns
Appear to be the result of hormonal effects during puberty
Skeletal growth
Voice changes
Lean body mass
Non–lean body mass
Skin, glands, and hair
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Physiologic Changes
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-
Size and strength of heart, blood volume, and systolic blood pressure increase
Pulse rate and basal heat production decrease
Adult values for all formed elements of blood
Respiratory volume and vital capacity increase
Increased performance capabilities
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Psychosocial Development-Erikson
Sense of identity
Early adolescent: Group identity versus alienation
Development of personal identity versus role diffusion
Sex role identity
Emotionality
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Piaget: Cognitive Development
Formal operations period
Abstract thinking
Think beyond present
Mental manipulation of multiple variables
Concerned about others’ thoughts and needs
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Social Development-goal is to
Goal is to define one’s identity independently from parental authority
Much ambivalence
Intense sociability; intense loneliness
Acceptance by peers
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family- Relationships with Parents
Roles change from “protection–dependency” to “mutual affection and equality”
Process involves turmoil and ambiguity
Struggle of privileges and responsibility
Emancipation from parents may begin with the rejection of parents by the teenager
251
Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Relationships with Peers
Peers assume an increasingly significant role in adolescence (“best friend”)
Peers provide a sense of belonging and a feeling of strength and power
Peers form a transitional world between dependence and autonomy
Role of social media and advanced technology
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Adolescent Sexuality
Dating
Sexual orientation
Sexual experimentation (wide range)
Reasons for sexual experimentation
Curiosity
Pleasure
Conquest
Peer pressure to conform
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Development of Self-Concept and Body Image
Feelings of confusion in early adolescence
Acute awareness of appearance, comparison of appearance with others
Blemishes and defects are magnified out of proportion
Matures to self-concept based on uniqueness and individuality
253
Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Responses to Puberty
Responses differ depending on the stage of development
Curiosity in early adolescence
Concerns with “Am I normal?”
Concerns for late-maturing teens
Concept of “perfect body” achievement
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Promoting Optimum Health During Adolescence
Assumption of responsibility for health
Assess for risk factors (GAPS)
Immunizations
Nutrition
Eating habits and behaviors
Healthy lifestyle habits
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Promoting Optimum Health During Adolescence
Sleep and rest
Exercise and activity
Dental health
Personal care
Vision, hearing
Posture
Body art (piercing and tattooing)
Suntanning, ultraviolet damage
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Promoting Optimum Health During Adolescence
Stress reduction
Sexuality education and guidance
Media influences
Knowledge from peers, TV, movies, magazines
Need factual information, presentation based on developmental maturity and ability to ask questions
Role modeling
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Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family-Injury Prevention
Motor vehicle crashes are the single greatest cause of serious and fatal injuries in teens
Other vehicles
Firearms and other weapons
Sports injuries
Water safety
Poisoning, tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs
