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AVS- Module 3 > Growth And Develeopment > Flashcards

Growth And Develeopment Flashcards

1
Q

Growth definition

A

Increase in body weight
Increase in cell size and numbers
Protein deposition
Increase in mass of structural tissue(bone, muscle, connective tissue)

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2
Q

True or False: Growth is linear

A

False

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3
Q

Development definition

A

Directive coordination of all processes until maturity is reached
Growth, cellular differentiation, and change in body shape/form

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4
Q

Why are bodies developing sooner?

A

More fat is being consumed earlier than any point

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5
Q

Criteria used to evaluate growth

A

Weight
Muscle
Fat

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6
Q

How is weight evaluated?

A

Put into classes

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7
Q

How is muscle evaluated?

A

Ultrasound images of loin or eye area

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8
Q

How is Fat evaluated?

A

Intramuscular or marbling

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9
Q

Three phases of prenatal life?

A

Sex cells
Embryo
Fetus

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10
Q

Factors affecting prenatal development (6)

A

Heredity/ genotype
Maternal size and age
Nutrition
Large litters
Environment
Sex

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11
Q

When does a fetus gain most of its weight?

A

Last trimester

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12
Q

How does maternal age and size affect prenatal development?

A

Not as well nourished when around 5/6 years

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13
Q

How does nutrition affect prenatal development?

A

Limiting diets I.e. not eating sushi

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14
Q

How does sex affect prenatal development?

A

Males are bigger than females

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15
Q

Epigenetic definition

A

Genetic signals that occur with nutrition
Rates of dystocia will go up if viable
(60% cause by fetus or mother weight)

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16
Q

Embryological development definition

A

Spherical mass of cells differentiates into specific cell types and eventually into organs

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17
Q

Embryological types(3)

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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18
Q

What do endoderm cells/tissue develop into?

A

Digestive tract
Lungs
Bladder

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19
Q

What do mesoderm tissues/ cells develop into?

A

Skeleton
skeletal muscle
connective tissue

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20
Q

What do ectoderm cells/ tissues develop into?

A

Skin
Hair
Brain
Spinal Cord(nervous system)

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21
Q

Hyperplasia Definition

A

Increase in cell numbers
1st and 2nd trimester

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22
Q

Hypertrophy definition

A

Increase in cell size
Last trimester and postnatal growth

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23
Q

What percentage does birth weight represent compared to mature weight?

A

5-7%

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24
Q

How many Stages of Parturition

A

3

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25
Q

1st stage of parturition

A

Preparation

26
Q

What happens in preparation(1st stage of part)

A

Uterine contractions
Force fetal fluids, membrane against cervix
Cervix dilates

27
Q

2nd stage of parturition

A

Expulsion of fetus

28
Q

What happens with the expulsion of fetus(2nd stage of part)

A

Violent contractions of myometrium, diaphragm, abdominal muscles

29
Q

What’s the 3rd stage of parturition?

A

Expulsion of placenta

30
Q

What happens with a sows placenta?

A

Sometimes will be shed with each delivery of piglet then remainder at the end

31
Q

Freemartin definition

A

Occurs in females born twin to a male

32
Q

Are freemartins fertile?

A

No. They’re infertile

33
Q

What do the heifer and bull share?

A

Blood
Antigens
Transfer of hormones from male to female

34
Q

What percentage of pregnancies involving a male will be freemartin?

A

90-95%

35
Q

What are tissues?

A

Specialized groups of cells that function together

36
Q

What are the three types of tissues?

A

Muscle
Nerves
Connective or epithelial

37
Q

What are the nutrients for tissue development? (5)

A

Nerve tissue
Bone
Vital organs
Muscle
Fat

38
Q

Why might muscle growth be stunted?

A

Nutrients are sent to other locations

39
Q

When does true growth cease?

A

When animal reaches maturity

40
Q

What happens when animal approaches maturity?

A

Growth declines

41
Q

What is the composition of a superior carcass?

A

Less bone
More muscle
Optimum fat

42
Q

What are the five characteristics of the inflection point?

A

Function of frame size
Muscle increases at a decreasing weight
Growth rate decreases
Fat increases at an increasing rate
Feed conversion ratio increases at an increasing rate

43
Q

What is the end of development?

A

Fattening

44
Q

1 inch of width is equal to how many pounds?

A

150

45
Q

1 inch of height is equal to how many pounds?

A

50

46
Q

What is the frame size of a cow measured from?

A

1-9

47
Q

What is optimal frame size number for cow?

A

7

48
Q

What is fattening?

A

Function of nutrient allocation as well as maturity

49
Q

What is subcutaneous fat?

A

Back fat
Deposited under the skin

50
Q

What is intermuscular fat?

A

Seam
Skeletal
Deposited between muscles

51
Q

What is KPH or mesenteric fat?

A

Deposited in abdominal cavity, around kidneys, and other internal organs

52
Q

What does KPH stand for?

A

Kidney
Pelvic
Heart

53
Q

What is intramuscular fat?

A

Marbling
Skeletal
Deposited within the muscles
Important factor in meat palatability

54
Q

True or False: beef has more subcutaneous fat?

A

False. They have more intermuscular

55
Q

What species has the lowest intramuscular fat?

A

Lambs

56
Q

Highest lean to fat ratio

A

Intact males

57
Q

Lowest lean to fat ratio

A

Young females

58
Q

What happens to dressing percentage as muscle and fat increase

A

It increases

59
Q

What happens to bone as muscle and fat increase

A

It decreases

60
Q

What will happen with an excess amount of fat on udder

A

Diminishes milk capacities

AVS- Module 3 (4 decks)

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