Growth And Develeopment Flashcards
Growth definition
Increase in body weight
Increase in cell size and numbers
Protein deposition
Increase in mass of structural tissue(bone, muscle, connective tissue)
True or False: Growth is linear
False
Development definition
Directive coordination of all processes until maturity is reached
Growth, cellular differentiation, and change in body shape/form
Why are bodies developing sooner?
More fat is being consumed earlier than any point
Criteria used to evaluate growth
Weight
Muscle
Fat
How is weight evaluated?
Put into classes
How is muscle evaluated?
Ultrasound images of loin or eye area
How is Fat evaluated?
Intramuscular or marbling
Three phases of prenatal life?
Sex cells
Embryo
Fetus
Factors affecting prenatal development (6)
Heredity/ genotype
Maternal size and age
Nutrition
Large litters
Environment
Sex
When does a fetus gain most of its weight?
Last trimester
How does maternal age and size affect prenatal development?
Not as well nourished when around 5/6 years
How does nutrition affect prenatal development?
Limiting diets I.e. not eating sushi
How does sex affect prenatal development?
Males are bigger than females
Epigenetic definition
Genetic signals that occur with nutrition
Rates of dystocia will go up if viable
(60% cause by fetus or mother weight)
Embryological development definition
Spherical mass of cells differentiates into specific cell types and eventually into organs
Embryological types(3)
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
What do endoderm cells/tissue develop into?
Digestive tract
Lungs
Bladder
What do mesoderm tissues/ cells develop into?
Skeleton
skeletal muscle
connective tissue
What do ectoderm cells/ tissues develop into?
Skin
Hair
Brain
Spinal Cord(nervous system)
Hyperplasia Definition
Increase in cell numbers
1st and 2nd trimester
Hypertrophy definition
Increase in cell size
Last trimester and postnatal growth
What percentage does birth weight represent compared to mature weight?
5-7%
How many Stages of Parturition
3
1st stage of parturition
Preparation
What happens in preparation(1st stage of part)
Uterine contractions
Force fetal fluids, membrane against cervix
Cervix dilates
2nd stage of parturition
Expulsion of fetus
What happens with the expulsion of fetus(2nd stage of part)
Violent contractions of myometrium, diaphragm, abdominal muscles
What’s the 3rd stage of parturition?
Expulsion of placenta
What happens with a sows placenta?
Sometimes will be shed with each delivery of piglet then remainder at the end
Freemartin definition
Occurs in females born twin to a male
Are freemartins fertile?
No. They’re infertile
What do the heifer and bull share?
Blood
Antigens
Transfer of hormones from male to female
What percentage of pregnancies involving a male will be freemartin?
90-95%
What are tissues?
Specialized groups of cells that function together
What are the three types of tissues?
Muscle
Nerves
Connective or epithelial
What are the nutrients for tissue development? (5)
Nerve tissue
Bone
Vital organs
Muscle
Fat
Why might muscle growth be stunted?
Nutrients are sent to other locations
When does true growth cease?
When animal reaches maturity
What happens when animal approaches maturity?
Growth declines
What is the composition of a superior carcass?
Less bone
More muscle
Optimum fat
What are the five characteristics of the inflection point?
Function of frame size
Muscle increases at a decreasing weight
Growth rate decreases
Fat increases at an increasing rate
Feed conversion ratio increases at an increasing rate
What is the end of development?
Fattening
1 inch of width is equal to how many pounds?
150
1 inch of height is equal to how many pounds?
50
What is the frame size of a cow measured from?
1-9
What is optimal frame size number for cow?
7
What is fattening?
Function of nutrient allocation as well as maturity
What is subcutaneous fat?
Back fat
Deposited under the skin
What is intermuscular fat?
Seam
Skeletal
Deposited between muscles
What is KPH or mesenteric fat?
Deposited in abdominal cavity, around kidneys, and other internal organs
What does KPH stand for?
Kidney
Pelvic
Heart
What is intramuscular fat?
Marbling
Skeletal
Deposited within the muscles
Important factor in meat palatability
True or False: beef has more subcutaneous fat?
False. They have more intermuscular
What species has the lowest intramuscular fat?
Lambs
Highest lean to fat ratio
Intact males
Lowest lean to fat ratio
Young females
What happens to dressing percentage as muscle and fat increase
It increases
What happens to bone as muscle and fat increase
It decreases
What will happen with an excess amount of fat on udder
Diminishes milk capacities
