Growth Adaptations, Cell Injury, Cell Death

Question 1

Basic Mechanism of Hypertrophy

Answer 1

Gene activation, protein synthesis, production of organelles

Question 2

The uterus during pregnancy undergoes what process(es)?

Answer 2

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia…These two things usually occur together

Question 3

Can permanent tissues make new cells?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

What are the three major permanant tissues in the human body>

Answer 4

Nerve, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle

Question 5

The permanant tissues undergo——— only?

Answer 5

Hypertrophy

Question 6

A decrease in cell umber occurs via

Answer 6

apoptosis

Question 7

A decrease in the size of cells occurs via

Answer 7

ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of the cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components

Question 8

How does the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation mechanism work?

Answer 8

Intermediate fibers of the cytoskeleton are tagged with ubiquitin and destroyed by proteasomes. Autophagic vacuoles then collect cell components and fuse with lysosomes which break down the cell components

Question 9

Metaplasia stimulated by?

Answer 9

Change in stress on an organ

Question 10

Metaplasia most commonly involves what cell types?

Answer 10

Surface epithelium

Question 11

Three types of epithelium

Answer 11

squamous, columnar, transitional

Question 12

Barrett Esophagus

Answer 12

due to gastric reflux, nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium turns into mucin producing non-ciliated columnar epithelium. May progress to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus if untreated.

Question 13

How does metaplasia actually occur

Answer 13

re-programming of stem cells

Question 14

What is the one type of metaplasia that will most likely not lead to cancer

Answer 14

Apocrine metaplasia (seen with fibrocystic change in breast tissue)

Question 15

Significance of vitamine A deficiency

Answer 15

Can result in metaplasia. Vitamin A is responsible for differentiation of epithelial cells and maturation of the immune system

Question 16

Keratomalacia

Answer 16

develops due to vitamin A deficiency. The thin squamous lining of the conjunctiva undergoes metaplasia into a keratinizing squamous epithelia.

Question 17

Metaplasia can also occur within mesenchymal tissues, an example is

Answer 17

myositis ossificans…muscle changes to bone during healing after trauma

Question 18

Dysplasia

Answer 18

disordered cell growth

Question 19

Dysplasia is reversible

Answer 19

true

Question 20

Aplasia

Answer 20

failure of cell production during embryogenesis

Question 21

Hypoplasia

Answer 21

Decrease in cell production during embryogenesis

Question 22

Are neurons highly susceptible to ischemic injury

Answer 22

Yes.

Question 23

Why is hypoxia a problem

Answer 23

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain so low oxygen means the ETC doesn’t work and you don’t make ATP. If you dont make ATP, three main things go wrong: Na K pumps dont work so Na is retained inside cells along with water (swelling), Calcium pumps dont work, and anaerobic glycolysis starts up.

Question 24

Ischemia is

Answer 24

Decreased blood flow THROUGH an organ associated with decreased arterial perfusion (atherosclerosis), decreased veinous drainage, shock

Question 25

What is hypoxemia

Answer 25

low partial pressure of Oxygen in the blood.

Question 26

What is the problem in carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 26

Carbon monoxide has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen does. causes cyanosis, cherry red appearance, and headache

Question 27

Methemoglobulinemia

Answer 27

Iron in heme is oxidized to Fe3+ which cannot carry oxygen. seen with oxidant stress such as sulfa and nitrate drugs. Treated with Methylene blue

Question 28

Hallmark of reversible injury

Answer 28

cell swelling

Question 29

Hallmark of irreversible cell injury

Answer 29

membrane damage

Question 30

Plasma membrane damage results in

Answer 30

cytosolic enzymes leaking into the serum

Question 31

Mitochondrial damage results in

Answer 31

Loss of cytochrome C into the the cytosol

Question 32

Lysosome membrane damage results in hydrolytic enzymes leaking into the cytosol

Answer 32

yes