Growth Adaptations, Cell Death, Free Radical Injury

Question 1

3 permanent tissues

Answer 1

nerves
cardiac myocytes
sk muscle

Question 2

Which hyperplastic conditions does not carry with it an increased risk of cancer

Answer 2

BPH-benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 3

Cell type switch in Barrett’s esophagus

Answer 3

non-keratinizing stratified squamous –>

non-ciliated columnar with mucin glands

Question 4

Skin appearance of CO poisoning

Answer 4

cherry-red skin

but they are hypoxic

Question 5

Iron in which oxidative state binds oxygen

Answer 5

Fe2+

Fe2+ binds O2

Question 6

Hallmark findings of:
reversible injury
irreversible injury

Answer 6

reversible: cellular swelling
irreversible: membrane damage

Question 7

Morphologic hallmark of cell death

Answer 7

loss of nucleus

Question 8

Necrosis basics

Answer 8

pathologic dying of large groups of cells

followed by acute inflammation

Question 9

Coagulative necrosis

gross pattern

Answer 9

usually wedge-shaped
because due to occlusion of blood vessel
vessels usually supply a wedge-shaped area

Question 10

Coagulative necrosis due to

Answer 10

ischemic injury in all organs except the brain

Question 11

Ischemic injury to brain causes

Answer 11

liquifactive necrosis

due to cleanup via microglial cells

Question 12

Brain infarction
Abscess
Pancreatitis
necrosis type

Answer 12

liquifactive necrosis
brain infarction: microglial cells
pancreatitis: proteolytic enzymes
abscess: proteolytic enzymes from neutrophils

Question 13

Caseous necrosis

examples

Answer 13

fungal infection

Tb

Question 14

Fat necrosis
classically seen in
leads to

Answer 14

fat necrosis of peripancreatic fat

leads to soapinification, deposition of Ca on necrotic tissues

Question 15

Fat necrosis

non-pancreatitis example

Answer 15

trauma to fat
ie breast trauma
causes giant cell reaction with fat present

Question 16

Fibroid necrosis

2 etiologies

Answer 16

malignant hypertension

vasculitis

Question 17

A young woman with malignant hypertension

etiology may be

Answer 17

pre-eclampsia

causes fibrinoid necrosis of placenta

Question 18

These proteins regulate apoptosis

Answer 18

caspaces

Question 19

Activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway

Answer 19

cytochrome c leaking

• Bcl2 inactivation
• normally Bcl2 blocks cytochrome c leak from mitochondria
• cytochrome c leaks to activate caspaces

Question 20

Activation of extrinsic apoptotic pathway

Answer 20

FAS (CD95)-FAS ligand

negative selection of thymocytes in thymus

Question 21

Cytotoxic CD8 killing mechanism

Answer 21

perforins open cell up a little
granzymes released into target cell
granzymes activate caspaces in cell
apoptosis

Question 22

Reperfusion injury

Answer 22

carry O2 and WBC back into tissue
causes further damage after reperfusion of tissue
troponin may go up still even after reperfusion due to this mechanism