Growth Adaptations

Question 1

Hypertrophy means ?

Answer 1

Increase in organ size

Question 2

Hypertrophy involves

Answer 2

Gene activation
Protein synthesis
Production of organelles

Question 3

Example for pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 3

Endometric hyperplasia

Question 4

Endometric hyperplasia

Answer 4

Abnormally thick uterus - can progress eventually to cancer

Question 5

Exception for hypertrophy

Answer 5

BPH - Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Question 6

decrease in stress ?

Answer 6

atrophy

Question 7

atrophy

Answer 7

leading to decrease in organ size , occurs via decrease in size and no. of cells , decrease in no. of cells occurs via apoptosis

Question 7

atrophy

Answer 7

leading to decrease in organ size , occurs via decrease in size and no. of cells , decrease in no. of cells occurs via apoptosis

Question 8

decrease in cell size occurs via ?

Answer 8

1. ubiquitin proteosome system - ubiquitin proteosome degradation of cytoskeleton
2. autophagy of cellular components

Question 9

ubiquitin proteosome degradation of cytoskeleton

Answer 9

intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton are tagged with ubiquitin and destroyed by proteosome

Question 10

autophagy of cellular components

Answer 10

generation of autophagic vacuoles - vacuoles fuse with lysosomes - lysosomes hydrolytic enzymes breakdown cellular components

Question 11

metaplasia

Answer 11

change in stress on an organ

Question 12

barrett esophagus

Answer 12

flat pink lining of esophagus ( non keratinized squamous epithelium) becomes damaged by acid reflux , which causes the lining to thicken ( non ciliated mucin producing columnar cells ) which can handle stress better .

Question 13

dysplasia

Answer 13

under persistent stress metaplasia changes to dysplasia , which can eventually change to cancer

Question 14

exception for metaplasia

Answer 14

apocrine metaplasia of breast

Question 15

vit A deficiancy

Answer 15

can cause metaplasia - keratomalacia

Question 16

keratomalacia

Answer 16

vit A deficiency , resulting in metaplasia of the conjunctiva of the eye , turns thin squamous epithelium to stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium

Question 17

myositis ossificans

Answer 17

connective tissue within muscle undergo metaplasia , connective tissue changes to bone during healing after trauma

Question 18

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ( CIN )

Answer 18

dysplasia and is precursor to cervical cancer

Question 19

aplasia

Answer 19

failure of cell production during embryogenesis

Question 20

aplasia example

Answer 20

unilateral renal agenesis

Question 21

hypoplasia

Answer 21

decrease in cell production during embryogenesis , resulting in small organs

Question 22

hypoplasia examples

Answer 22

streak ovary in turner syndrome