growth

Question 1

Which hormones are involved in males and females in puberty?

Answer 1

Both: Oestradiol, adrenal androgens Females: Progesterone Males: testosterone, dihydrotestosterone

Question 2

Role of LH and FSH in male sperm production

Answer 2

LH aids leydig cells (produce testosterone) FSH aids sertoli cells (aid in sperm production)

Question 3

What are signs of end of puberty in boys and girls?

Answer 3

Boys: facial hair and voice break Girls: period.

Question 4

Explain the tanner stages

Answer 4

P-6 in women hair exists for hypervirilisation

Question 5

First sign of puberty in boys and girls

Answer 5

Boys: testis from 3 ml to 4 ml

Girls: Breat budding

Question 6

Characteristics of central precocious puberty

Answer 6

Question 7

What factors increase risk of central pecocious puberty?

Answer 7

Any brain damage/ previous tumors, radiation increasis risk

Genetic mutations

Previous excess sex steroid exposure

Prematurity

Gonadotropin-producing secreting tumors (LH + FSH)

Question 8

Causes of peripheral precocity in boys and girls

Answer 8

boys: Leydig cell tumors

Germ cell tumors

Girls: Ovarian cysts

Question 9

Explain the difference between gondadotroph dependent and independent precocious puberty and how you would treat each

Answer 9

Gonadotroph dependent: block with GnRH analogues (overstimulation of pituitary to deactivate)

Gonadotroph independent: block with anti-androgens/ aromatase inhibitors

Question 10

Define aromatase and it’s role

Answer 10

Converts testosterone to estradiol

Question 11

define hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and causes (congenital or aqcuired)

Answer 11

when hypothalamus or pituitary fail to function causing low gonadotropins (LH + FSH). PRIMARY HYPOGONADISM.

Congenital: Craniofacial anomalies, GnRH deficit, idiopathic

Aquired: Function loss (chronis illness, eating isorder hypothyroidism) or physical (trauma, radiation, tumors)

Question 12

Define hypergonadotropic hypogonadism

Answer 12

secondary hypogonadism. Issues with the gonad.

Question 13

What milestones is a baby expected to reach when born at 6, and 18 months?

Answer 13

Newborn: flexor posture

6 months: no head lag, sits with support, rolls back to front

9 months: sits unsupported

18 months: walks well and runs

Question 14

What hearing, speech and language milestones is a baby expected to reach at 9 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years and 3 years

Answer 14

9 months: knows simple unconnected words

12 months: knows one or two words and points to familiar objects

2 years: joins 2 -3 words

3 years: 3-4 word phrases knows age name and gender

Question 15

What social, emotional andbehavioural milestones are children expected to reach at the ages of 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, 18 months, 3 years

Answer 15

6 months: Finger feed self

9 months: waves bye bye, stranger anxiety

12 months: points to indicate want

18 months: use spoon, talk on phone, help household chores

3 years: dresses themselves, eat with fork and spoon

Question 16

Which following red flags should you worry about at which months (6, 9, 12, 18, 2y, 3y)

can’t climb stairs

Poor head control

cant sit

Not joining two words can’t run

no pointing, no weight bearing

not walking, no words

Answer 16

can’t climb stairs - 3y

Poor head control - 6m

cant sit - 9m

Not joining two words can’t run - 2y

no pointing, no weight bearing -12m

not walking, no words -18m