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Growth and development > Growth > Flashcards

Growth Flashcards

1
Q

all primary teeth erupt by

A

3 year old

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2
Q

permanent teeth start to erupt by

A

6 years old

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3
Q

full permanent dentition completed by

A

13 year old

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4
Q

neonatal teeth erupts at

A

1 month of age

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5
Q

surgical closure of cleft lip

A

3 months of age

procedure: modification of Millard rotation adjustment technique

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6
Q

when is the best time to revise the initial repair of cleft lip?

A

4 to 5 years old

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7
Q

closure of cleft palate

A

<1 year old to enhance normal speech development

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8
Q

most common neurobehavioral disorder in children

A

ADHD

  • Inattention
  • Hyperactivity and Impulsivity
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9
Q

diagnosis of ADHD

A 
symptoms must be:
present more than 6 months
age before 12yo
present in 2 settings
not attributed to another disorder
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10
Q

what are the structural and functional abnormalities in patients with ADHD?

A

decreased cortical volume
dysregulation of subcortical units
widespread, small volume reduction
abnormalities of cerebellum

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11
Q

what are the imaging findings in patients with dyslexia?

A

inefficient functioning of left hemisphere posterior brainstem

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12
Q

manifestations of Dyslexia

A

problems in both spoken and written words

labored, effortful approach to reading involving decoding word recognition and text reading

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13
Q

what are the 3 major areas affected in ASD?

A

reciprocal social interactions
nonverbal communication
understanding of social relationships

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14
Q

screening for patients to diagnose ASD

A

all children 18 months and 24 months

increased risk in patients with sibling diagnosed with ASD

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15
Q

treatment for ASD

A

applied behavioral therapy
speech and language therapy

no medications to treat core symptoms
Intranasal therapy with neuropeptide Oxytocin
stimulants: Atomoxetine, Benzodiazepines (anxiety)
Melatonin, Clonidine (sleep onset)

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16
Q

what are the common heart defects in Down syndrome?

A

AV septal defects, VSD, PDA, TOF

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17
Q

What are the diseases associated with Down syndrome?

A

Pulmo: recurrent infections, tracheobronchomalacia, tracheal bronchus, pulmo HPN, Asthma

GI: Celiac disease, hypothyroidism

Others: megakaryoblastic anemia, DM, seizures, alopecia, JIA, problems with hearing and vision
males are mostly sterile
females may conceive (50%)
**developmental delay is universal

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18
Q

Freudian theory

A

idea of body centered, “sexual” drives

infancy (0-1) : Oral
Toddler (2-3): Anal
Preschool (3-6) : Phallic/Oedipal
School age (6-12): Latency
Adolescent (12-20): Genital
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19
Q

Erickson

A

Psychosocial

infancy (0-1) : Trust vs mistrust
Toddler (2-3): autonomy vs shame
Preschool (3-6) : initiative vs guilt
School age (6-12): industry vs inferiority
Adolescent (12-20): Identity vs role diffusion

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20
Q

Piaget theory

A

Cognitive

infancy (0-1) : Sensorimotor
Toddler (2-3): Sensorimotor
Preschool (3-6) : Preoperational
School age (6-12):  Concrete operations
Adolescent (12-20): Formal operations
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21
Q

Kholberg

A

Moral

infancy (0-1) : –
Toddler (2-3): preconventional/ avoid punishment
Preschool (3-6) : conventional; conformity
School age (6-12): conventiona; law and order
Adolescent (12-20): postconventional; moral principles

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22
Q

what happens during the 1st year of life? (Brain volume)

A
  • total brain volume doubles; increases by additional 15% (2nd year)
  • myelination begins in 7-8months gestation –> adol/young adult
  • posterior to anterior
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23
Q

physiologic weight loss in newborns

A

via vaginal delivery: 10%
via CS: 12%
*regain by 2nd week
*weight gain 30g/day during the 1st month

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24
Q

Neonates are

A
  • nearsighted
  • with focal length of 8-12inches
  • hearing well developed; turns toward female voice
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25
Q

by ___ months, birth weight is doubled

A

4 months

  • growth 20g/ day
  • diappearance of tonic neck reflex
  • regular sleep-wake cycle pattern (14-16/24hr) with 2 naps/ day
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26
Q

what happens during the 1st birthday?

A
  • birth weight has tripled
  • length increased by 50%
  • Head circumference increased by 10cm
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27
Q

thumb-finger grasp

A

9months

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28
Q

neat pincer grasp

A

12 months

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29
Q

first tooth to errupt

A

mandibular central incisors

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30
Q

object permanence

A

9 months

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31
Q

tantrums make 1st appearance; stranger anxiety

A

6-12 months

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32
Q

multisyllabic sounds (“ba-da-ma”)

A

canonical babbling (8-10mos)

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33
Q

introduction of transitional object

A

6-12 months

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34
Q

what is infant colic?

A

“rule of 3”

  • occurs in healthy infant beginning in 2nd or 3rd week of life
  • lasts about 3hr/day
  • occurs 3 days/week
  • lasts more than 3 weeks
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35
Q

emergence of symbolic thought and language causes reorganization of of behavior

A

18 months

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36
Q

make believe play

A

2nd year

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37
Q

polysyllabic jargoning

A

2nd year

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38
Q

by this age, average child points to major parts of the body

A

15 months

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39
Q

by ___ months, child is half their ultimate adult height

A

24 months

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40
Q

object permanence

A

18 months

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41
Q

visual acuity for 3 yrs old

A

20/30

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42
Q

visual acuity for 4 yrs old

A

20/20

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43
Q

birth weight quadruples by

A

2.5yrs

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44
Q

handedness established at

A

3yo

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45
Q

bed wetting is common up to what age?

A

5 yo

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46
Q

loss of deciduous teeth

A

6yrs old

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47
Q

at 9yrs old, how many permanent teeth does a person have?

A

8 permanent incisor

4 permanent pre-molar

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48
Q

achievement of height velocity that is less than expected for a child’s age and sex or a downward crossing of more than 2 percentile lines for height on the growth chart

A

Growth failure

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49
Q

defined as growing either below expected genetic potential or growing below -2 SD for age and sex

A

Short stature

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50
Q

cruder method for assessing growth failure in premature infants

A

subract weeks of prematurity from the postnatal age when plotting growth parameters

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51
Q

What is constitutional growth delay?

A

weight and height decrease near the end of infancy; parallel the norm through middle childhood and accelerate toward the end of adolescence with achievement of normal adult height

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52
Q

what is familial short stature?

A
  • both the infant/child and the parent(s) are small; growth runs parallel to and just below the normal curves
  • bone age is normal comparable to chronological age
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53
Q

can provide skeletal maturation information

A

Bone age

*radiograph of left hand and wrist

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54
Q

delay in bone age comparable to height age

A

constitutional delay, short stature, undernutrition

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55
Q

developmental screening should be done at

A

9 months, 18 months, 30 months

56
Q

Autism screening test should be done at

A

18 and 24 months

9months: vision and hearing
18 months: expressive and social language
30 months: child’s behavioral interactions

57
Q

screening for behavioral conditions

A

30 months
4 or 5 years
8 years old

older: preschool and early elementary

58
Q

formula for approximate weight: at birth

A

3.25kg

59
Q

formula for approximate weight: 3-12mos

A

age (mo) + 9 / 2

60
Q

formula for approximate weight: 1-6yrs

A

age (yrs) x 2 + 8

61
Q

formula for approximate weight: 7-12yrs

A

age (yrs) x 7 - 5 /2

62
Q

how is length measured in <2yrs old

A

supine

63
Q

how is length measured in >2yrs old

A

standing

64
Q

total average gain in height during 1st year

A

25cm

birth-3mos: 9cm
3-6 mos: 8cm
6-9mos: 5cm
9-12mos: 3cm

65
Q

formula for height in 2-12 years old

A

age (yrs) x 6 + 7

66
Q

increase in head circumference during 1st year

A

10cm

1-4mos: 5cm
5-12mos: 5cm

67
Q

correlates the state of pubertal development

A

bone age

68
Q

delayed eruption of teeth is no teeth by approximately

A

13 months

69
Q

correlates with the IQ

A

language

70
Q

dependent on brain maturity

A

motor development

71
Q

most common reason for referral

A

language delay

72
Q

eye-hand coordination

A

fine motor skills

*coordination of small muscles

73
Q

birth weight doubled

A

4 months

74
Q

growth during 1st month

A

30g/day

75
Q

disappearance of tonic neck reflex

A

2 months

76
Q

birth weight has tripled

A

12 months

77
Q

thumb-finger grasp

A

9 months

78
Q

neat pincer grasp

A

12 months

79
Q

object permanence

A

9 months

80
Q

stranger anxiety

A

9 months

81
Q

introduction of transitional objects

A

6-12 months

82
Q

emergence of symbolic thought and language

A

18 months

83
Q

gait of toddlers 12-18 months

A

wide-based gait, knees bent, arms flexed at elbow, genu varum (bowleg)

84
Q

points to major body parts and uses 4-6 words spontaneously

A

15 months

85
Q

polysyllabic jargoning

A

12-18 months

86
Q

half their ultimate adult height

A

24 months

87
Q

object permanence firmly established

A

18-24 months

88
Q

10-15 words

A

18 months

89
Q

50-100 words

A

2 years

90
Q

birth weight quadruples by

A

2.5 years

91
Q

at 4yo

A

weighs 4lbs and 40 in tall

92
Q

handedness established by

A

3 years old

93
Q

can use future tense

A

5 years old

94
Q

understanding of gender identification

A

3 years old

95
Q

peak of temper tantrums

A

2-4 years old

96
Q

time out

A

1 minute per year

97
Q

premolars erupt by

A

11-12 years old

98
Q

replacement of adult teeth

A

rate of 4 per year
at 9 years old –> 8 permanent incisors and
4 permanent molars

99
Q

at this age children will have conscience

A

6 years old

100
Q

allow children to understand simple explanations for illnesses and necessary treatments

A

concrete operations

101
Q

Tool used for assessing Autism

A

MCHAT-R

102
Q

Tool used for depression and suicide

A

PHQ-9

CSSR

103
Q

Used to screen development across all streams

A

PEDS

104
Q

Ability to process and integrate individual sounds in words

A

Phonology

105
Q

Understanding the meaning of words

A

Semantics

106
Q

Mastery of word order and grammatical rules

A

Syntax

107
Q

Abikity to think about and analyze how language works and draw inferences

A

Metalinguistics

108
Q

Social understanding and application of language

A

Pragmatics

109
Q

What are the key features of ASD?

A

Impairment in social communication and social interaction

Accompanied by restricted and repetitive behaviors

110
Q

IQ 50-70

A

Mild ID

111
Q

IQ<50

A

Severe ID

112
Q

Most common complaint in children with ID between 6 to 18 months

A

Gross motor delay
(Lack of sitting, crawling, walking)

language delay and behavior problems are common concerns after 18 months

113
Q

Head circumference is routinely measured until what age?

A

3 years old

114
Q

Interpretation of MUAC:

115 to <125mm

A

Moderate acute malnutrition

115
Q

Interpretation of MUAC

<115mm

A

Severe acute malnutrition

116
Q

Weight for age 0 to below -1

A

Normal

117
Q

Weight for age above 1

A

Risk for overweight

118
Q

Weight for age below -2

A

Underweight

119
Q

Weight for age below -3

A

Severely underweight

120
Q

Herigh/length for age

Below -1 to above 2

A

Normal

121
Q

Herigh/length for age

Above 3

A

Tallness

122
Q

Herigh/length for age

Below -2

A

Stunting

123
Q

Height/length for age below -3

A

Severe stunting

124
Q

Weight for height 0 to below -1

A

Normal

125
Q

Weight for height below -2

A

Wasting

126
Q

Weight for height above 2

A

Overweight

127
Q

Weight for height above 3

A

Obesity

128
Q

BMI for age 0 to below -1

A

Normal

129
Q

BMI for age below -2

A

Wasting

130
Q

BMI for age below -3

A

Severe wasting

131
Q

BMI for age above 2

A

Overweight

132
Q

BMI for age above 3

A

Obesity

133
Q

Premolars erupt

A

11-12 years

134
Q

Upper segment:lower segment ratio upon birth

A

1.7

135
Q

Upper segment:lower segment ratio in 3yrs old

A

1.3

136
Q

Upper segment:lower segment ratio for 7 years

A

1.0

Growth and development (1 decks)

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