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Endocrine > Growth > Flashcards

Growth Flashcards

1
Q

What does growth hormone do to protein stores, fat stores and carbohydrate stores

A

Enhances body protein
Uses Fat stores
Conserves carbohydrates

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2
Q

What does Diabetogenic mean?

A

It produces persistent elevation in blood glucose

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3
Q

What hormone control growth?

A 
Growth Hormone
IGF-1
Thyroid Hormones
Insulin
Sex Hormones
Cortisol (antagonistic)
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4
Q

What controls growth in the foetal period

A

Nutrition
Insulin
Thyroid hormones

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5
Q

When does growth hormone start to become significant in development

A

10 monthes

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6
Q

What do babies who are born deficient in GH and IGF-1 look like at birth

A

normal size

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7
Q

What produces spike in the GH release at puberty

A

Oestrogen/testosterone

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8
Q

What specific dimensions does GH/IGF-1 increases

A

Bone length
Height
Weight
Body Mass

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9
Q

What will a baby be like if it is born with a thyroid hormone deficiency

A

It will not grow well after birth and it will have cognitive problems

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10
Q

What will a baby be like if it is born with a growth hormone deficiency

A

Not grow well after birth but will be cognitively fine

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11
Q

What part of the infant is TH most responsible for developing

A

Nervous system

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12
Q

What is congenital hypothyroidism

A

babies are born of normal size but they do not grow

retain infantile facial features

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13
Q

What other deficiency can cause similar symptoms to congenital hypothyroidism and why

A

Materal iodine deficiency

Iodine is needed for thyroid production

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14
Q

What effect does thyroid hormone have on growth homrone

A

A permissive effect

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15
Q

What is Growth Hormone also known as

A

Somatotropin

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16
Q

What cell types release growth hormone

A

Somatotrophs

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17
Q

What are the normal levels of circulating growth hormone in adults and children

A

Children - 1.6-3 ng/ml

Adults 6ng/ml

18
Q

What controls the release of growth hormone

A

Growth Hormone releasing hormone

Growth hormone ingibiting hormone

19
Q

What is GHIH also known as

A

Somatostatin

20
Q

Why is GH secretion continued throughout adult life

A

It is essential for maintenance and repair of tissue

21
Q

What does GH promote in its target tissues at a cellular level

A

Hypertrophy of cells

Hyperplasia of cells

22
Q

What kind of receptor does GH act on

A

Tyrosine Kinase

23
Q

What is the indirect effect of growth hormone

A

Growth of long bones mediated by IGF-1

24
Q

What is the direct effect of growth hormone

A

Regulation of metabolim

25
Q

What is IGF-1 also known as

A

Somatomedin C

26
Q

What is the effect of IGF-1

A

It stimulate the glucose uptake in muscles and bone

27
Q

Are blood glucose levels affected by the effect of IGF-1

A

NO - the reduce in blood glucose is counteracted by the effects of GH on the liver (increased glucose synthesis)

28
Q

What inhibits the release of GH

A

IGF-1 acts on the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary to stop GH release
GH also directly inhibits its own release when levels get too high.

29
Q

What secretes IGF-1

A

The liver (mostly)

30
Q

How are GH and IGF-1 transported in the blood

A

Partly bound to carrier molecules

31
Q

What % of GH and IGF-1 are carried on blood bound carrier protiens

A

50%

32
Q

What is the advantage of GH and IGF-1 being transported on blood bound carrier proteins

A

it prevents their degradation (extends half life)

It helps smooth out the effects of their erratic release pattern

33
Q

How does GH regulate metabolism

A

Increases blood glucose levels (increased gluconeogenesis by liver)
Increase AA uptake by cells

34
Q

What does GH do to adipocytes

A

Makes them more sensitive to lipolytic stimuli

35
Q

At what time of day is the most GH released

A

During the first 2 hours of sleep (since general energy requirements are low)

36
Q

How many times more GH is released in sleep than during day in children

A

20x

37
Q

What time of day is most IGF-1 released

A

Its fairly constant throughout the day

38
Q

Why is IGF-1 released more consistently during the day

A

It binds more tightly to carrier proteins than GH making it less vulnerable to degradation.

39
Q

What stimulus increase GHRH release

A

Increased protein in the blood
Actual or potential energy in energy supply to cell
- exercise/cold
- fasting / hypoglycaemia
- physical stress/illness (might be stunted by cortisol)
Delta sleep
Oestrogen/testosterone

40
Q

How does Oestrogen or Testosterone increased GH

A

Stimulate GH release from pituitary directly

Decreases IGF-1 mediated negative feedback

41
Q

What stimulus increases GHIH secretion

A

Increased blood glucose
Increased Blood FFA
Ageing
Cortisol

Endocrine (14 decks)

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