Group Designs, Within-Subjects Designs, Single-Subject Designs

Question 1

When a __________________ design is used, effects of different levels of the IV are assessed by administering each level to a different group of subjects and comparing the status or performance of the groups on the DV.

Answer 1

Between-groups design.

Question 2

Whenever a study includes two or more IVs, it is called a ________________ design. The major advantage of this design is that it provides more thorough information about the relationships among variables by allowing an ainvestigator to analyze the main effects of each independent variable as well as the interaction between independent variables.

Answer 2

Factorial design.

Question 3

In a factorial design, to determine if there are main effects of each IV, it is necessary to calculate the __________________ for each level of the two IVs. This is calculated by adding the means in each column of the first IV and dividing them by the number of means in each column (do the same for each row of the second IV). If they are different, it iis possible to tentatively conclude that there are main effects for the self-control procedure.

Answer 3

Marginal Mean (MM).

Question 4

One can conclude that there is an interaction of two IVs if the effects of one IV __________ at different levels of another IV.

Answer 4

Differ.

Question 5

In a _______________________ design, all levels of the IV are administered sequentially to all subjects.

Answer 5

Within-subjects (repeated measures) design.

Question 6

In a _____________________ design (a type of within-subjects design), effects of treatment are evaluated by measuring the DV several times at regular intervals before and after the treatment is applied, allowing subjects to act as their own no-treatment controls.

Answer 6

Single-group time-series design.

Question 7

A disadvantage of the time-series design and other within-subjects designs is that the analysis of the data can be confounded by ________________; i.e., subjects’ performance on posttests is likely to correlate with performance on pretests.

Answer 7

Autocorrelation.

Question 8

A _____________ design combines between-groups and within-subjects designs by including at least one between-groups IV and one within-subjects IV.

Answer 8

Mixed.

Question 9

There are two characteristics that distinguish single-subject designs from other group designs:

• Each design includes at least one _______________ phase and one _______________ phase
• The _____ is measured repeatedly at regular intervals throughout the baseline and treatment phases

Answer 9

• Baseline
• Treatment
• DV

Question 10

Identify the different types of Single-Subject designs:

• ______________: Single baseline phase, single treatment phase
• ______________: Can take the form of ABA or ABAB; provide additional control over threats to internal validity; may be inappropriate when withdrawal of a treatment during the course of study would be unethical
• ______________: Involves sequentially applying the treatment to different behaviors of the same subject, to the same subject in different settings, to the same subject on different tasks, or to the same behavior of different subjects.

Answer 10

• AB Design
• Reversal Designs
• Multiple Baseline Designs