Group A & B cards Flashcards
THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL: DIVIDING PLANES AND NINE REGIONS:
Locate and name the dividing planes.
The abdominal wall spans the anterior and lateral sides of the abdomen.
*The left and right vertical planes are vertical lines from the midpoint of the clavicles (midclavicular line), to the midpoint of inguinal ligament. (roughly corresponds with the lateral borders of the rectus abdominus muscles).
*The transpyloric line (transverse through the pylorus) is approximately level with L1 vertebrae.
*The epigastric lines follow the along the costal margin from the 7th to 10th rib, both sides.
*The subcostal plane, a transverse (horizontal) line, at the level of the inferior aspect of the 10th costal cartilage.
*The trans-tubercular plane, a horizontal line uniting the two tubercles of the iliac crest, or 5cm posterior to the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS).
THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL: DIVIDING PLANES AND NINE REGIONS:
Locate and name the 9 regions.
The abdomen can be split into 9 abdominopelvic regions:
Right Hypochondrium, Epigastric, Left Hypochondrium, Right lateral or lumbar, umbilical, left lateral or lumbar, right inguinal or iliac, suprapubic, left inguinal or iliac.
What are the purposes of quadrants or regions?
Used to describe the location of abdominal organs and the pain associated with them.
What organs will you find in the Right Hypochondriac region
(hypo=below/ under chondriac = ribs:
Right portion (lobe) of liver, the gallbladder, the right kidney and parts of the small intestine.
What organs will you find in the Epigastric region:
Left lobe or portion of liver, majority of the stomach, part of the pancreas, duodenum, spleen and adrenal glands.
What organs will you find in the Left Hypochondriac region:
Part of the stomach, the left kidney, the spleen, pancreas and parts of the colon (or large intestine).
What organs will you find in the Right Lumbar region:
Gallbladder, right kidney, part of the liver and ascending colon (a right ass!)
What organs will you find in the Umbilical region:
Umbilicus, many parts of small intestine including duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, , transverse colon and bottom portions of Left and Right kidneys.
What organs will you find in the Left Lumbar region:
Descending colon, left kidney, and part of spleen.
What organs will you find in the Right inguinal or iliac region:
Cecum, appendix
What organs will you find in the Suprapubic or hypogastric region:
Bladder and reproductive organs (uterus and ovaries or prostate), Part of sigmoid colon, anus.
What organs will you find in the Left Inguinal or iliac region:
Descending colon, the sigmoid colon.
THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL: DIVIDING PLANES AND 4 QUADRANTS:
Locate and name the 4 quadrants
- The median plane, a vertical line going from the xiphisternum (xiphoid process) to the pubic symphisis.
- The trans-umbilical plane, a horizontal or transverse line level with the umbilical, or L3/L4 vertebral levels.
(these lines form the upper left and right, or lower left or right quadrants)
THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL: DIVIDING PLANES AND 4 QUADRANTS:
What organs will you find in the RIGHT Upper Quadrant?
- RIGHT UPPER ORGANS: Liver, Gallbladder, Head of Pancreas, Right adrenal gland and portion of right kidney
THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL: DIVIDING PLANES AND 4 QUADRANTS:
What organs will you find in the LEFT Upper Quadrant?
Spleen, Stomach, Body of Pancreas, Left Adrenal gland and portion of left kidney.
THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL: DIVIDING PLANES AND 4 QUADRANTS:
What organs will you find in the RIGHT Lower Quadrant?
Cecum, Ascending colon, appendix, lower pole of right kidney and right ureter.
THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL: DIVIDING PLANES AND 4 QUADRANTS:
What organs will you find in the LEFT Lower Quadrant?
Descending colon, lower pole of left kidney and left ureter.
LOCATE THE LIVER AND NAME THE BILIARY DUCTS:
- Located in the right upper quadrant between rib 4 and rib 10 from the mid-axillary line on the right ipsilateral (runs from anterior to posterior) to the midclavicular line of the left side (or contralateral).
- The greater part of the right hypochondriac region, part of the epigastric region, and extended into the left hypochondriac region.
LEFT & RIGHT HEPATIC DUCTS - COMMON HEPATIC DUCT - CYSTIC DUCT- COMMON BILE DUCT
* Biliary ducts: when the liver secretes bile, it is collected by a system of ducts that flow from the liver through the right and left hepatic ducts, which drain into the common hepatic duct, which joins with the cystic duct, from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct, which runs from the liver to the duodenum: the first section of the small intestine.
- The biliary ducts have a tree-like spread, throughout the liver with the gall bladder sitting inferiorly to the right hepatic duct, situated in the right lobe of the liver.
LOCATE THE GALLBLADDER
- The gall bladder is in the right upper abdominal quadrant.
- It is attached to the posterior surface of the right lobe of the liver (liver is situated in the right upper quadrant between Ribs 4-10, from the midaxillary line - right ipsilateral to the mid clavicular line contralateral (left).
- The gall bladder also contacts the superior part of the duodenum and transverse colon.
What are the gallbladders three parts and can you describe anything about its shape or size:
It is pear shaped and about 7 to 10 centimetres long and 2-3 centimetres wide.
It has three parts: FUNDUS is the bottom of the gallbladder that protrudes from the liver and visible anteriorly at the tip of the 9th rib. BODY is the main dilated portion of the gallbladder that lies between the fundus and cystic duct. NECK is the narrow part that tapers into the cystic duct.
LOCATE THE PANCREAS
- The pancreas lies in front of L2 in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions of the abdominal cavity it lies transversely behind the stomach between the spleen and the duodenum. The head of the pancreas occupies the calf of the duodenum its body extends along the transparent lauric line level with vertebral vertebrae L1 on the tail lying above this line to the region in the left hypochondriac in front of the kidney.
- The pancreas is an oblong shaped organ positioned at the level of the trans pyloric plane except for the tail of the pancreas it is a retroperitoneal organ located deep within the upper abdominal in the epigastrium and left hypochondrium regions within the abdomen the pancreas has direct anatomical relations to several structures the stomach the duodenum transverse mesocolon, common bile duct and spleen.
LOCATE THE KIDNEYS AND COSTOVERTEBRAL ANGLE
- The right kidney usually lies about 1 centimetre lower than the left due to the liver occupying so much space.
- There are two kidneys - each one is located from T12 to L3 and partially protected by rib 11 and rib 12.
- The right kidney has superiorly the right adrenal gland and anteriorly the right lobe of the liver.
- The left kidney has superiorly the left adrenal gland, and anteriorly the spleen, stomach and pancreas.
- The costovertebral angle is the area of the back overlying the kidney. It is an angle made by the vertebral column and rib 12 coastal margin. It is used to elicit tenderness with percussion in people with kidney infections.
- LOCATE THE LUNGS (ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR LANDMARKS).
- The lungs are located either side of the heart. The base of each lung rests on the diaphragm.
- The apex is at the level of the clavicle about 2.5 centimetres above the clavicle.
- The right lung is shorter because the diaphragm is higher to accommodate the liver.
- Both lungs descend from the apex (or point) of the lung behind the sternoclavicular joint to come together behind the sternal angle.
- They pass downwards towards the midline, until the level of the 4th coastal cartilage, where they reach the 6th coastal cartilage in the mid- clavicular line.
- The posterior border of both lungs passes vertically downwards in the front of the necks of the ribs (flattened portion of rib). Approximately 2cm either side of the spines of the vertebrae, from the apex of the lung to the level of the 10th rib.
LOCATE THE HEART AND ITS APEX
The heart is a cone shaped hollow muscular organ. It is about the size of the owner’s fist.
It’s located in the central compartment of the thoracic cavity called the mediasternim between the lungs (sits inferior to 2nd rib with apex on the in left 5th intercostal space).
It is located a little more to the left than the right and rests on the central tendon of the diaphragm, which is an aperneurosis which forms the top of the dome shaped diaphragm.
It blends with the fibrous pericardium above helping to maintain its place.
The apex is the most inferior portion of the heart. It is used to evaluate cardiac size (an increase in its transverse diameter may be a sign of an enlargement of the heart – cardiomegaly).
The apex is located on the left midclavicular line at the level of the 5th intercostal space (a little below the nipple) and 9 centimetres from the midsternal line.
