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DPC > Group 8/9/19 > Flashcards

Group 8/9/19 Flashcards

1
Q

general structure of cartilage

A

avascular, no nerves or lymphatics

tough, durable form of connective tissue

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2
Q

perichondrium structure and function

A

sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage in most places (not in articular cartilage)
functions to grow and maintain cartilage
structure has type 1 collagen and fibroblasts on the outside, and mesenchymal stem cells on the inside

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3
Q

cells of cartilage, and their function

A

chondrocytes, these synthesize and maintain the components in the ECM

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4
Q

location of chondrocytes

A

lacunae, which are matrix cavities

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5
Q

matrix of cartilage

A

extracellular matrix (ECM) has high concentration of GAGs and proteoglycans that interact with collagen and elastic fibers

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6
Q

aggrecan

A

a proteoglycan that binds a large amount of water

functions to bind to type 2 collagen fibrils

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7
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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8
Q

location of hyaline cartilage

A

upper respiratory tract, articular ends and epiphyseal plates of long bones, fetus

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9
Q

location of elastic cartilage

A

external ear, external acoustic meatus, auditory tube, epiglottis and other laryngeal cartilages

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10
Q

location of fibrocartilage cartilage

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus, other joints, and insertion of tendons

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11
Q

functions of hyaline cartilage

A

resists compression
cushioning, smooth, low-friction surfaces for joints
structural support for respiratory system
forms foundation for development of fetal skeleton and bone growth

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12
Q

functions of elastic cartilage

A

flexible support for soft tissues

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13
Q

functions of fibrocartilage

A

resists deformation under stress

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14
Q

presence of perichondrium in hyaline cartilage

A

yes, except articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates

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15
Q

presence of perichondrium in elastic cartilage

A

yes

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16
Q

presence of perichondrium in fibrocartilage

A

no

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17
Q

which types of cartilage undergo calcification?

A

hyaline cartilage calcifies in endochrondal bone formation during the aging process
fibrocartilage calcifies the callus during bone repair

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18
Q

what cells is aggrecan secreted by?

A

chondrocytes

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19
Q

what cells is versican secreted by?

A

fibroblasts

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20
Q

typical arrangement of chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage

A

small isogenous groups

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21
Q

typical arrangement of chondrocytes in elastic cartilage

A

isolated or small isogenous groups

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22
Q

typical arrangement of chondrocytes in fibrocartilage

A

isolated or in isogenous groups, arranged axially

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23
Q

osteoarthritis

A

chronic, during aging, loss of hyaline cartilage lining articular ends of bones

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24
Q

chondronectin

A

a structural mutliadhesive glycoprotein

functions to bind to GAGs, collagen and integrins, so that chondrocytes can adhere to the ECM

25
Q

chondrocytes location and function

A 
located at the edge of cartilage in lacunae
function to synthesize sulfated GAGs and secrete proteoglycans
26
Q

hormone that regulate hyaline cartilage growth

A

somatotropin

27
Q

chondrogenesis

A

process by which cartilage forms from mesenchyme

  1. mesenchymal cells multiply and pack
  2. chondroblasts created
  3. ECM encloses chondroblasts to separate them
  4. embryonic development
  5. become chondrocytes
28
Q

types of cartilage growth processes

A

interstitial and appositional

29
Q

interstitial growth

A

enlarges cartilage, uses mitosis for division, important for long bone development

30
Q

appositional growth of cartilage

A

takes progenitor cells from perichondrium, and differentiates them into chondroblasts

31
Q

repair of cartilage

A

cells from the perichondrium invade the injured area and produce new cartilage
slow and incomplete, except in young
produces a scar of dense connective tissue

32
Q

bone development name

A

osteogenesis

33
Q

types of bone development*

A

intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

34
Q

process of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. in condensed mesenchyme, incomplete layers of osteoblasts form in ossification centers
  2. osteoblasts secrete osteoid, forms woven bone with osteocytes in lacunae and canaliculi
  3. neighboring ossification centers fuse
  4. woven bone is replaced by compact bone
  5. if there’s no ossification centers, the mesenchymal regions become endosteum and periosteum
35
Q

process of endochondral ossification

A
  1. osteoblasts produce a bone collar around the cartilage model diaphysis
  2. causes chondrocytes to hypertrophy and die, the ECM is compressed and calcifies
  3. blood vessels from the perichondrium (now periosteum) penetrate the bone collar
  4. vessels and new osteoblasts move in and produce woven bone
  5. primary ossification center is formed during the 1st trimester
  6. secondary ossification centers develop similarly, later in time, at epiphyses of the cartilage model
36
Q

epiphyseal cartilage

A

connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis and is involved in long bone growth
disappears once bones are formed

37
Q

epiphyseal plates

A

these separate the primary ossification center in the diaphyses and the secondary ossification center in the epiphyses
disappear via epiphyseal closure by age 20

38
Q

types of endochondral ossification

A

longitudinal and appositional growth

39
Q

longitudinal growth process of endochrondral ossification

A
  1. cartilage cells in epiphyseal plates proliferate
  2. chondrocytes in the diaphysis cells hypertrophy, and the matrix calcifies and dies
  3. osteoblasts lay down a new bone layer
  4. epiphyseal plates are displaced away from the center, and the bone length increases
40
Q

appositional growth process of endochondral ossification

A
  1. a bone collar is formed on the cartilaginous diaphysis
  2. new bone is added at the periosteal surface while bone is removed at the endosteal surface
  3. the central marrow cavity expands, so bone circumference grows
41
Q

zones of activity in epiphyseal growth plate from farthest from ossification center to closest

A
  1. zone of reserve (resting) cartilage
  2. proliferative zone
  3. zone of hypertrophy
  4. zone of calcified cartilage
  5. zone of ossification
42
Q

zone of reserve (resting) cartilage

A

composed of hyaline cartilage

43
Q

proliferative zone

A

cartilage cells multiply, secrete type 2 collagen and proteoglycans, into columns

44
Q

zone of hypertrophy

A

chondrocytes swell, secrete type X collagen which stiffens the matrix and promotes vascularization

45
Q

zone of calcified cartilage

A

chondrocytes begin matrix calcification

46
Q

zone of ossification

A

bone tissue appears. Capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells go to the lacunae, osteoblasts secrete osteoid, woven bone develops into lamellar bone

47
Q

bone repair process

A
  1. blood vessels at the fracture site release blood that clots and forms a hematoma
  2. macrophages remove the hematoma, periosteum and endosteum replaces it with procallus tissue
  3. blood vessels and osteoblasts replace the procallus, new woven bone forms a hard callus
  4. woven bone becomes compact and cancellous bone
48
Q

***LEARNING ISSUES AND LOOK-UPS

A

Here are the learning issues we decided on for the next group meeting:

  • Histology of cartilage
  • Histology of development vs healing bones
  • Anatomy of the upper arm (muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments)
49
Q

muscle and nerve for 0-15 degree arm abduction*

A

supraspinatus muscle; suprascapular nerve

50
Q

muscle and nerve for 15-100 degree arm abduction*

A

deltoid muscle; axillary nerve

51
Q

muscle and nerve for >90 degree arm abduction*

A

trapezius muscle; accessory nerve

52
Q

muscle and nerve for >100 degree arm abduction*

A

serratus anterior muscle; long thoracic (SALT) nerve

53
Q

which shoulder muscles form the rotator cuff muscles, and what are their innervations?*

A

SItS: supraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), infraspinatus (suprascapular nerve), teres minor (axillary nerve), subscapularis (upper and lower subscapular nerves)

54
Q

action of supraspinatus muscle*

A
  • abducts arm initially, 0-15 degrees

- most common rotator cuff injury, can be assessed with the empty/full can test

55
Q

action of infraspinatus muscle*

A

externally rotates the arm

56
Q

action of teres minor muscle*

A

adducts and externally rotates arm

57
Q

action of subscapularis muscle*

A

internally rotates and adducts arm

58
Q

greenstick fracture*

A

incomplete fracture extending partway through width of bone following bending stress. The bone fails on the tension side while the compression side is intact. Bent like a green twig.

59
Q

Torus (buckle) fracture*

A

cause: axial force applied to the immature bone
effect: cortex buckles on compression side and fractures, while tension side remains intact

DPC (11 decks)

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