Group 5: MENINGOCOCCEMIA

Question 1

__________ made the first discovery of Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis) in 1887 after studying the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a patient who had meningitis.

Answer 1

Weichselbaum

Question 2

what has caused its substantial impact (meningococcemia) is its link to ____________________

Answer 2

meningococcal meningitis and fulminant meningococcemia

Question 3

Based on Belleza，RN, 2021，Patients with acute meningococcemia may present with 1 of 3 syndromes:

Answer 3

• Meningitis
• Meningitis with Meningococcemia,
• Meningococcemia without obvious Meningitis.

Question 4

This kind of disease may have transmitted to person-to-person by __________, kissing or ______________.

Answer 4

secretion, respiratory droplets

Question 5

___________ occurs when bacteria infect the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 5

Meningitis

Question 6

_______________ is the medical term for an infection that persists in the blood but does not affect the brain or spinal cord.

Additionally, meningitis and meningococcemia can both happen simultaneously. In this case, the pathogen initially manifests itself in the bloodstream before traveling to the brain.

Answer 6

Meningococcemia

Question 7

According to CDC or Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2021, Meningococcemia are classified into serogroups based on the structure of the polysaccharide capsule. There are at least 12 serotypes based on unique capsular polysaccharides of N. meningitidis with serotypes A, B, C, W, X, and Y, causing most meningococcal infections. Serotypes A and C are the main serotypes that cause meningococcal disease in Africa. Serotypes B and C are the main serotypes in Europe and the Americas, and serotype Y, generally causing infection in the United States and Canada. Serotype W is the cause of epidemic outbreaks worldwide.

Answer 7

(part ng intro)

Question 8

__________ are the main serotypes that cause meningococcal disease in Africa.

Answer 8

Serotypes A and C

Question 9

______________ are the main serotypes in Europe and the Americas, and __________, generally causing infection in the United States and Canada.

Answer 9

Serotypes B and C, serotype Y

Question 10

___________ is the cause of epidemic outbreaks worldwide.

Answer 10

Serotype W

Question 11

Meningococcal illness is widespread throughout, with temperate regions experiencing an increase in infections in the winter and spring. In the sub-Saharan (African) meningitis belt, which spans 26 nations, is the name given to this region. According to Bush. L. et al., 2022, attack rates ranged from 100 to 800/100,000 in large African epidemics, which were frequently brought on by serogroup A. Both sexes are equally affected by meningococcemia.

However, the majority of instances arise in people ______ of age or younger, and 50% of these occurrences affect children under the ________.

Answer 11

20 years, age of 5

Question 12

The two seasons of the year when instances are reported most frequently are ____________.

Answer 12

winter and spring

Question 13

Epidemics can happen in congested areas and typically happen every ____________.

Answer 13

20 to 30 years

Question 14

Meningoccemia may be to blame for the abrupt onset of extreme physical depression (shock), which could be fatal without prompt medical attention. Meningococcemia comes in two different kinds. Unlike chronic meningococcemia, which has a waxing and waning course, fluminant meningococcemia develops very quickly and is more severe.

Answer 14

(read niyo na lang, wala akong maisip na tanong)

Question 15

_______________ is a life-threatening but highly preventable disease that usually affects children and young adults. Within hours of onset of symptoms, it may lead to shock and even death if prompt and appropriate medical care is not given (Belleza. M., 2021).

Answer 15

Meningococcemia

Question 16

The two most common types of meningococcal infections are ______________. Both of these types of infections are very serious and can be deadly in a matter of hours.

Answer 16

meningitis and septicemia

Question 17

Meningococcal disease is an acute, severe illness caused by the bacterium ____________. A leading cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis. (Mbaeyi, S. et al., 2021).

Answer 17

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 18

The bacteria (Neisseria meningitidis) frequently persist in the ___________________ of a person without showing any symptoms of sickness. For instance, if you are around someone who has the illness and they cough or sneeze, you could be infected.

Answer 18

upper respiratory tract

Question 19

__________________ initially causes petechiae, which become confluent and rapidly progress to ecchymoses.

Answer 19

Fulminant meningococcemia

Question 20

Since there has a continuous on taking how to reduce this kind of epidemic. There are actually ____ meningococcal vaccines licensed in the U.S.(Saling, J., 2021).

Answer 20

four

Question 21

The first vaccine was ___________________________ and approved in 1978. And _________________________ approved in 2005 which made the body’s immune system easy to see and recognize the antigens.

Answer 21

meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine or MPSV4, meningococcal conjugate vaccine or MCV4

Question 22

The Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines which are:

Answer 22

• Menactra 9 months to 55 years’ old
• Menevo- people ages 2 to 55
• MPSV4 people over 55 as well as people 2 to 55.

Question 23

And in 2015, Serogroup B Meningococcal Vaccines was made which are:

Answer 23

• MenB-FHbp (Trumenba)- three-dose schedule
• MenB-4C (Bexsero) - two doses

Question 24

is an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of weight.

Answer 24

Anorexia

Question 25

broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic used for the treatment of bacterial infections in various locations, such as in the respiratory tract, skin, soft tissue, and urinary tract.

Answer 25

Ceftriaxone

Question 26

third generation cephalosporin used to treat susceptible Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial infections.

Answer 26

Cefotaxime

Question 27

used to treat bacterial infections in many different parts of the body. It belongs to the class of medicines known as cephalosporin antibiotics.

Answer 27

Cefuroxime

Question 28

a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows in and around your brain and spinal cord. Your brain and spinal cord make up your central nervous system.

Answer 28

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 29

type of anti-inflammatory drug, used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system.

Answer 29

Corticosteroid

Question 30

is a medical descriptor for any event or process that occurs suddenly and escalates quickly, and is intense and severe to the point of lethality

Answer 30

Fulminant

Question 31

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Answer 31

1. Sudden Intense Headache.
2. Vomiting.
3. Nausea.
4. Muscle Pain.
5. Skin Rashes.
6. Diarrhea.
7. Fever.
8. Cold hands & Feet.

Question 32

(SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

When meningitis and meningococcemia coexist, the affected person may experience the aforementioned symptoms in addition to the combination of_____________________________. Moreover, ________________________ may also be present which is the inflammation of the transparent membrane of the conjunctiva that makes the white part of the eyeball to turn pink can also be an indication of the disease though less common.

Answer 32

headache, confusion, stiff neck, and muscle pain, influenza types, conjunctivitis (pink eye)

Question 33

Fulminant Meningococcemia is also known as ___________________ and is the most severe form of the disorder. The disease comes on very suddenly and the progression of the symptoms is very rapid.

Answer 33

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Question 34

(SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

Fulminant Meningococcemia… In less than a few hours the affected individual may experience ____________________. A _______ appears on the arms and legs and spreads very quickly over the body including the eyes and nose.

In addition, the affected individuals ___________ may drop dangerously, the fever may drop dramatically, and they may go into _____. Without immediate medical treatment this disorder can be life-threatening.

Answer 34

-very high fever, chills, weakness, vomiting and severe headache
-red rash

• blood pressure
• shock

Question 35

(SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

A more uncommon form of the disease is chronic meningococcemia. It is characterized by ______________ that lasts for weeks or months. It’s possible for muscle and joint pain, a headache, and a skin rash to come and go. The disorder may also present with an ______________ in this form.

Answer 35

• intermittent fever
• enlarged spleen

Question 36

(DIAGNOSTICS)
Common tests to diagnose meningitis include:

Person lies flat on their back facing upwards, one of the legs is raised with the knee flexed to a 90 degree angle. Then the leg is supported and slowly straightened the knee. If this causes back pain, it’s called Kernig’s sign.

Answer 36

First Manuever

Question 37

(DIAGNOSTICS)
Common tests to diagnose meningitis include:

Person lies flat then supporting the head slowly flexed. If this caused them to automatically flex their knees or hips, it’s called Brudzinski’s sign.

Answer 37

Second Manuever

Question 38

(DIAGNOSTICS)
Common tests to diagnose meningitis include:

A blood sample is placed in a special dish to see if it grows microorganisms such as bacteria. This is called a _________. A sample also may be placed on a slide and stained. Then it will be studied under a microscope to see whether bacteria are present.

Answer 38

Blood Cultures

Question 39

(DIAGNOSTICS)
Common tests to diagnose meningitis include:

Computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the head may show swelling or inflammation. X-rays or CT scans of the chest or sinuses may show an infection that may be associated with meningitis.

Answer 39

Imaging

Question 40

(DIAGNOSTICS)
Common tests to diagnose meningitis include:

A definitive diagnosis of meningitis requires a ___________ to collect cerebrospinal fluid. In people with meningitis, the fluid often shows a low sugar level along with an increased white blood cell count and increased protein.

Answer 40

Spinal Tap

Question 41

(Treatment)

A variety of ________ are used by doctors to treat meningococcal disease. The treatment should begin as soon as possible.

Answer 41

antibiotics

Question 42

(Treatment)

On the off chance that a specialist suspects meningococcal illness, they will give the individual _________ immediately. Antibiotics like _____________ that reduce mortality risk.

Answer 42

• anti-toxins
• ampicillin or penicillin

Question 43

(Treatment)

In adults, __________ is typically administered intravenously.

Answer 43

Penicillin G

Question 44

(Treatment)

In children, _________ is still the treatment of choice; however, prior to beginning treatment, other organisms must be ruled out.

Answer 44

penicillin

Question 45

(Treatment)

Other antibiotics are used in patients who are unable to take penicillin, such as: ___________________________.

Answer 45

ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and cefuroxime

Question 46

Meningococcal disease patients may require additional treatments, such as the following, depending on the severity of the infection:

Answer 46

Breathing support
* Medications to treat low blood pressure
* Surgery to remove dead tissue
* Wound care for parts of the body with damaged skin