Group 4- Endocrine Physiology Flashcards by Shirley Garay

All of the following are secreted by pituitary gland except 
A. Prolactin 
B. Growth Hormone 
C. Luteinizing hormone 
D. Calcitonin

D (Intro to endocrine handout p. 1)

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These are released by axon terminals and act locally to control cell functions 
A. Neurotransmitters 
B.Sebum 
C.Hormones 
D. Cholesterol

A (Intro to endocrine handout p. 1)

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These are peptides secreted by cells into the ECF &amp; can function as autocrines, paracrines or endocrine hormones  
A. Interleukins 
B. Cytokines 
C. Histamine 
D. Leptin

B (Intro to endocrine handout p. 1)

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These are chemical messengers secreted into the blood that acts on another location.  
A. Hormones 
B. Ligands 
C. Glands 
D. Neurotransmitters

A (Intro to endocrine handout p. 1)

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Increases water reabsorption by the kidneys and causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.  
A. Vassopressin 
B. Oxytocin 
C. Cortisol 
D. Aldosterone

A (Guyton 13th ed p927)

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Cytokine hormones produced by adi-pocytes are sometimes called:  
A. Lipokines 
B. Cholestokines 
C. Adipokines 
D. Lipidokines

C (guyton 13th ed p921)

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Stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions  
A. Prolactin 
B. Oxytocin 
C. Insulin 
D. Glucagon

B (guyton 13th ed p. 927)

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All of the following is secreted by the adrenal gland except 
A. Norepinephrine 
B. Cortisol 
C. Prolactin 
D. Aldosterone

C (intro to endocrine handout p.1)

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All of the following are mechanisms of hormonal action except
A. Alternating the permeability of cell membrane
B. Activating the intracellular enzyme
C. Activating calcium channels
D. Activating the gene

C (intro to endocrine handout p.3)

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Estrogen blocking Prolactin effects on the breasts during pregnancy is what example of hormone interaction?  
A. Antagonistic effect  
B. Permissive effect 
C. Complementary effect  
D. Synergistic effect

A (intro to endocrine handout p.4)

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Modifies existing proteins, are Water-soluble, and reflection Coefficient closer to 1 
A. Lipid hormones 
B. Steroid hormones 
C. Protein hormones  
D. Organic hormones

C (intro to endocrine handout p.2)

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Stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth of most cells and tissues  
A. Gonadotropin  
B. Growth hormone  
C. Estrogen 
D. Progesterone

B (guyton 13th ed p. 927

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Inhibits appetite, stimulates thermogenesis 
A. Cortisol 
B. Glucagon 
C. Insulin 
D. Leptin

D (guyton 13th ed p. 928)

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Hormone regulation wherein Products inhibit Precursors  
A. Negative feedback  
B. Positive feedback 
C. Antagonistic effect 
D. Synergistic effect

A (intro to endocrine handout p.3)

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Derivative of cholesterol and is synthesized as needed.  
A. Lipids 
B. Steroids 
C. Protein 
D. Amine

B (intro to endocrine handout p.3)

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Secreted by neurons into the circulating blood and influence the function of cells at another location in the body  
A. Cholesterol 
B. Cytokines 
C. Neuroendocrine hormones 
D. Autocrines

C (intro to endocrine handout p.1)

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Local chemical messengers secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid &amp; affect neighboring cells of a different type 
A. Paracrine 
B. Autocrine  
C. Cytokines 
D. Endocrine

A (intro to endocrine handout p.1)

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Leptin passes through the membrane using what enzyme?  
A. Choline esterase  
B. Tyrosine kinase  
C. Acetylcholine transferase  
D. Epimerase

B (intro to endocrine handout p.2)

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Stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes; stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries  
A. Follicle stimulating hormone 
B. Growth hormone  
C. Luteinizing hormone  
D. Oxytocin

C (guyton 13th ed p. 927)

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These are Heterotrimeric GTP-binding Proteins and Acts as transducers 
A. G protein  
B. Enzymes  
C. cAMP 
D. cGMP

A (intro to endocrine handout p.2)

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These are steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex 
A. Testosterone 
B.Estrogen and progesterone 
C.Cortisol and aldosterone 
D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

C (guyton 12th ed p.882)

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A class of hormone that is secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary gland, pancreas, and parathyroid gland.
A. Proteins and polypeptides
B. Steroids
C. Derivatives of amino acid and tyrosine
D. all of the above

A (guyton 12th ed p.882)

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These are Large proteins that are not biologically active. 
A. Prohormones 
B. Preprohormones 
C.cAMP 
D.cGMP

B (guyton 12th ed p.882)

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Steroid hormone are lipid soluble consisting ______________ and ______________ combined into a single structure.
A. 3 Cyclohexyl rings and 1 cyclopentyl ring
B. 1 Cyclohexyl ring and 1 cyclopentyl ring
C. 3 Cyclohexene rings and 1 cyclopentene ring
D. 1 Cyclohexene ring and 1 cyclopentene ring

A (guyton 12th ed p.882)

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``` This hormone increases renal sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and hydrogen ion secretion. A. ACTH B. Norepinehrine C. Cortisol D. Aldosterone ```

D (guyton 12th ed p.883)

``` It occurs when the biological action of the hormone causes additional secretion of the hormone. A. Positive feedback B. Negative feedback C. Antagonistic effect D. Synergistic effect ```

A (guyton 12th ed p.885)

``` Insulin is secreted by the pancreatic beta cells in response to an increasein blood glucose. In turn, insulin causes an increase in glucose uptake into cells thatresults in decreased blood glucose concentration. The decrease in blood glucose con-centration then decreases further secretion of insulin. A. Positive feedback B. Negative feedback C. Antagonistic effect D. Synergistic effec ```

B (BRS Physiology 5th ed p.222)

``` Signal peptides are cleaved from the preprohormone, producing a A. Prohormone B. hormone C. Epinephrine D. Cortisol ```

A (BRS Physiology 5th ed p. 222)

``` The surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) that occurs just before ovulation is a result of ______________ of estrogen on the anterior pituitary. A. Positive feedback B. Negative feedback C. Antagonistic effect D. Synergistic effect ```

A (BRS Physiology 5th ed p. 222)

``` Secretion of hormones occurs when the secretory vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and the granular contents are extruded into the bloodstream by? A. Phagocytosis B. Pinocytosis C. Endocytosis D. Exocytosis ```

D (guyton 12th ed p.882)

It is also called neurohypophysis a. Anterior pituitary gland b. Posterior pituitary gland c. Parathyroid gland d. Thyroid gland

B Textbook of Medical Physiology 12th ed page 904 , Guyton and Hall

2. Which of the following describes the Pituicytes A. Secrete Hormones B. Do not secrete hormones C. Do not act to support large numbers of terminal neve fibers and terminal nerve endings from nerve tracts that originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the Hypothalamus D. Not a glial cell

B Textbook of Medical Physiology 12th ed page 904 , Guyton and Hall

``` The lowest portion of the neurohypohysis A. Pars nervosa B. Pars distalis C. Pars tuberalis D. Pars Intermidia ```

A Textbook of Medical Physiology 12th ed page 904 , Guyton and Hal

``` All are Neurohypophysial Hormones except A. ADH B. Vasopressin C. Oxytocin D. Growth Hormone ```

D Physiology , 6th ed, ,Chapter 40 page 707, Berne and Levy

``` ______ is primarily formed in the supraoptic nuclei. A. ADH B. Oxytocin C. FSH D. LH ```

A Textbook of Medical Physiology 12th ed page 904, Guyton and Hall

Which of the following is the nine amino acid sequence of oxytocin? A. Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-GlyNH2 B. Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-GlyNH2 C. Tyr-Cys-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-GlyNH2 D.Tyr-Cys-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-GlyNH2

D Textbook of Medical Physiology 12th ed page 904, Guyton and Hall

Which of the following is a vasoconstrictor effect of ADH? a. higher conc. of ADH have a potent effect of constricting the arterioles throughout the body b. stimuli for causing intense ADH secretion is increased in blood volume c. decreased stretch of baroreceptors in the carotid, aortic and pulmonary regions

D Textbook of Medical Physiology 12th ed page 905, Guyton and Hall

``` Factors that increase ADH secretion except A. Increase serum osmolarity B. Volume Contraction C. Pain D. Ethanol ```

D BRS Physiology, 4th edition, page 244, Linda Constanzo

Which is not true about oxytocin? A. Originates primarily in the supraoptic nuclei B. Causes ejection of milk from the breast C. Causes contraction of the pregnant uterus D. Contraction of myoepithelial cells in the breast

A BRS Physiology, 4th edition, page 244-245, Linda Constanzo

Which is not correctly match a. Milk ejection: oxytocin b. Uterine contraction : vasopressin c. Stimulates H20 reabsorption by renal collecting ducts: ADH d. Constriction of vascular smooth muscle (via a V1 receptor and an IP3/Ca2+ mechanism): ADH

B BRS Physiology, 4th edition, page 244, Linda Constanzo

``` Low concentration of ADH causes: A. Loss of free water B. Water reabsorption C. Excretion of excessive amount of dilute urine D. Hypovolemia ```

B HANDOUT

``` Enhances sodium excretion in the treatment of Diabetes Insipidus: A. Thiazides B. Loop Diuretics C. Potassium Sparing Diuretics D. Tetracycline ```

A HANDOUT

Which is one of the causes of Central Diabetes Insipidus: A. Brain Surgery that damages Anterior Pituitary and Thalamus B. High Blood Sugar C. Trauma to the Kidneys D. Brain Tumor

D HANDOUT

``` What is the most important physiologic stimulus for ADH Secretion? A. Increase ECF Volume B. Decrease Serum Osmolarity C. Decrease of Blood Volume D. Increase of Plasma Osmolarity ```

D HANDOUT

``` Hormones secreted in the Posterior Pituitary: A. ADH and Oxytocin B. TSH and Prolactin C. Oxytocin and Prolactin D. ADH and Adrenicorticotropin ```

A HANDOUT

``` Condition where total or partial loss of the ability to synthesize or release AVP: A. SIADH B. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus C. Central Diabetes Insipidus D. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 ```

C HANDOUT

What is the aim in the treatment of SIADH: A. Control Hyperkalemia B. Correct Hyponatremia C. Normalize Plasma Osmolality D. Correct underlying renal disorder for renal disorder

B HANDOUT

In the regulation of ADH, what happens when there is dilution of the solutes? A. Water is conserved in the body B. Reduce urine output C. Correcting the initial excessively concentrated ECF D. Hypovolemia or volume contraction

C HANDOUT

Which is NOT a function of oxytocin? A. Inhibit contraction of pregnant uterus B. Causes milk to be expressed C. Used to decrease postpartum bleeding D. Facilitates bonding between mother and infant

A HANDOUT

In many patients with central DI, the patient has: A. High water intake and output B. Normal plasma osmolality C. Normal rate of water permeability in collecting ducts D. Both A & B

D HANDOUT

Which of the following stimulates the release of ADH in the blood? a. Inc. ECF volume b. ANP c. Stress d. Cortisol

C posterior pituitary handout p.2, table

Diabetes insipidus due to an absolute deficiency of ADH would be expected to manifest which of the following? a. Decrease in urine volume b. Negative free water clearance c. Low urine Osmolality d. Increased urinary sodium excretio

C Physical Functions of ADH, Guyton & Hall 12th Ed, pp 904-90

Which of the following pertains to the CORRECT site of action and effect of Aldosterone in the kidney a. Distal tubule: inc. NaCl & inc. water reabsorption b. Collecting tubule: inc NaCl & water reabsorption, inc K secretion c. Distal tubule: inc. water absorption d. Proximal tubule: inc. water & NaCl reabsorption, inc. H decretion

C Table 27-3, Guyton & Hall 12th Ed, p338

ADH increases renal water reabsorption in the collecting tubule epithelia by? a. Increasing polarity b. Increasing permeability c. Decreasing fluidity of membranes d. Increasing solubility

B (ADH Increase water reabsorption, Guyton and Hall 12th Ed, p 339)

How does ADH activate the aquaporin-2 in the collecting tubule for the reabsorption of water? a. Binds to V2 receptor  inc. formation of cAMP  activation of protein kinases b. Binds to V2 receptor  inc. formation of cGMP  activation of protein kinases c. Binds to V3 receptor  inc. formation of cAMP  activation of protein phosphorylases d. Binds to V3 receptor  inc. formation of cGMP  activation of protein physphorylases

A (Increase water reabsorption, Guyton and Hall 12th Ed, p 339)

Aside from plasma osmolarity, what other stimuli increases ADH secretion: a. Decrease blood volume b. Increase ECF c. Increase blood volume d. Decrease EC

A (Handout Table, Table 28-2 Guyton & Hall 12th Ed p357)

Inhibition milk ejection is stimulated by decreased oxytocin secretion. Which of the following factors does NOT inhibit oxytocin secretion? a. Stress b. Decreased stimulation of sympathetic nervous system c. Prolonged wound healing during childbirth d. Disturbed period of adjustment

B Handout, Inhibition of Milk ejection Guyton & Hall p1016

Brandname of Oxytocin a. Pitocin b. Pisitocin c. Janacin d. Syntocin

A handout

Which of the following is the correct pair of treatment? a. Central Diabetes Insipidus: Lithium b. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Demelocycline c. SIADH: Vaptans d. Diabetes insipidus: Furosemide

C HANDOUT

Hormones of the posterior pituitary are transported in combination with “carrier” proteins called? a. Neurohypophysins b. Neurophysins c. Neuropiphysins d. Neurophysis

B HANDOUT

``` A hormone that promotes the development of the female breasts and secretion of milk. A. Oxytocin B. Prolactin C. FSH D. ACTH ```

B Guyton p.927

``` An embryonic invagination of the pharyngeal epithelium where the anterior pituitary is derived. A. Pars anterior B. Pars tubersalis C. Pars posterior D. Rathke's pouch ```

D Guyton p.939

``` Growth hormone is a A. Lipogenic hormone B. Protein catabolic hormone C. Diabetogenic hormone D. A & B ```

C handout p.2

``` All are actions of GH except A. Inc glucose uptake B. Dec adiposity C. Inc linear growth D. Inc FA in blood A - trans p. 3 ```

A HANDOUT p.3

``` A gonadotroph that regulates spermatogenesis in the testis. A. Somatotropin B. LH C. GH D. FSH ```

D GUYTON P.941

``` Somatomedin important in fetal growth. A. IGF-I B. Somatomedin C C. Somatomedin G D. IGF-II ```

D HANDOUT P.3

``` All inhibits GH secretion except A. Ghrelin B. Aging C. Inc blood glucose D. Somatomedins ```

A GUYTON P.945

``` Excessive GH in adults A. Gigantism B. Acromegaly C. Dwarfism D. Hypergigantism ```

B HANDOUT P.4

``` Which condition/s increases/stimulates GH secretion? I - Obesity & Sleep II - Ghrelin III - Exercise IV - Aging ``` A. I & II B. I & III C. II & III D. IV only

C GUYTON P.945

``` Major target tissue of PRL A. Gonads B. Heart C. Liver D. Breast ```

D HANDOUT P.5

How many cell types can be differentiated in the Anterior pituitary Gland? a. at least 5 b. at least 4 c. at least 3 d. at least 2

A GUYTON

Controls the rate of water excretion in urine? a. TSH b. LSH c. FSH d. ADH

D GUYTON

What percent of the anterior pitutary cells are somatotropes? a. 30-40% b. 20-25% c. 40-50% d. 10%

Cell type that secrete gonadotropic hormones? a. Somatotropes b. Gonadotropes c. Corticotropes d. lactotropes

What percent of the Anterior pituitary celss are coticotropes? a. 20% b. 50% c. 30% d. 15%

Somatotropes secrete a. hgH and LSH b. LSH and PRL c. hgH only d. PRL only

Somatotropes stain with a. basic dyes b. acid dyes c. both d. silver stain

ADH is synthesized in the a. anterior pituitary b. posterior pituitary c. hypothalamus d. thalamus

Which of the following is NOT produced by the anterior pituitary? a. ACTH b. FSH c. ICSH d. GnRH

Target tissue for luteinizing hormone a. Kidneys b. Pancreas c. Thyroid d. Gonads

Which of the following hormones is NOT a hormone product of Anterior Pituitary Gland? a. Prolactin b. Growth Hormone/ Somatotropin c. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone d. Oxytocin

What is the main secretory organ of Somatomedins a. Liver b. Kidney c. Pancreas d. Adrenal Cortex

Which of the following is responsible for skeletal and cartilage growth? a. Insulin Growth Factor I b. Insulin Growth Factor II c. Somatomedin C d. Both A and C

D Medical Laboratory Science Review by Robert R. Harr

A woman is being evaluated for infertility. Which of the following hormones would most likely be linked to her condition? a. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone b. Oxytocin c. Prolactin d. Triiodothyronine

C Medical Laboratory Science Review by Robert R. Harr

An exercise stimulation test is useful for the diagnosis of which condition? a. Acromegaly b. Growth Hormone Deficiency c. Pheochromocytoma d. Prolactinoma

B Medical Laboratory Science Review by Robert R. Harr

Which Peripheral Hormone is/are involved in Gonadotrope? a. Estrogen b. Progesterone and Testosterone c. Inhibin d. All of the Above

D HANDOUT P.5

All of the following conditions can cause Panhypopituitarism in Adult, EXCEPT: a. Hypothalamic Dysfunction b. Sheehan’s Syndrome c. Pituitary Destruction d. Infectious Meningitis

Which of the following cell types has No Peripheral Hormone Involved? a. Lactotrope b. Gonadotrope c. Corticotrope d. Thyrotrope

Which of these statements is NOT Increased on Growth Hormone Actions? a. Adiposity b. Organ size and function c. Protein Synthesis d. Lipolysis

Which one of these manifestations is NOT exhibited by Panhypopituitarism in Adult? a. Weight Gain b. Lethargy c. Lost Sexual Function d. Delayed Skeletal Maturation

IGF-1 (Somatomedin C) is for: a. Skeletal and cartilage growth b. Sleep regulator c. Fetal growth regulator

A HANDOUT

``` All of these neurotransmitters stimulate Growth Hormone secretion except: A. Serotonin B. Acetylcholine C. Epinephrine D. Dopamine ```

C HANDOUT

This is a growth hormone deficiency caused by enlarged Rathke’s pouch remnants and Sheehan syndrome? a. Panhyperpituitarism b. Dwrfism c. Panhypopituitarism d. Gigantism

C HANDOUT

``` What condition is caused by fused epiphysis, excessive GH puberty, continued growth of soft tissues, joint deformities, thicker and enlarged bones? A. Acromegaly B. Gigantism C. Dwarfism D. Panhypothyroidism ```

A handout

All of these statements are true except: A. GH affects all body tissues B. GH does not create function of the tissue C. GH needs to have an energy source for it to be active D. GH secretion is greater in men than women

D handout

``` During what stage is the lowest peak of GH? A. Puberty B. Old age C. Pre-school D. Pregnancy ```

B GUYTON

All are major functions of LH except: a. Stimulates testosterone synthesis b. Stimulates ovulation c. Causes growth of follicles in ovaries d. Formation of corpus luteum

C GUYTON

``` All are effects of growth hormone on bone except: A. Increased deposition of protein B. Increased reproduction of cells C. Deposition of new bone D. Decrease growth of skeletal bone ```

D GUYTON

``` All of the following stimulate GH secretion except: A. Increased blood glucose B. Starvation C. Deep sleep D. Trauma ```

A GUYTON

All of the following are basophilic in staining except a. Thyrotrope b. Corticotrope c. Gonadotrope d. Somatotrope

D HANDOUT

Adrenal Medulla secrets __________________________ in response to sympathetic stimulation. a. Epinephrine and Dopamine b. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine c. Norepinephrine and Dopamine d. Norepinephrine and Serotonin

B Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 921

``` Are the only ones in the adrenal gland that is capable of secreting significant amounts of aldosterone because they contain the enzyme aldosterone synthase. a. Zona fasciculata b. Zona reticularis c. Zona glomerulosa ```

C Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 921

Adrenal Cortex ___ percent (%) of the gland; Adrenal Medulla ___ percent (%) of the gland. a. 70 ; 30 b. 60 ; 40 c. 75 ; 25 d. 80 ; 20

D Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 921 and Dr. Cocoy's notes

The middle and widest layer of Adrenal Cortex that contains straight cords of large cells with "foamy" cytoplasm, filled with lipid droplets. a. Zona fasciculata b. Zona reticularis c. Zona glomerulosa

A Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 922

Zona fasciculata secretes __________________ & _____________________, and small amounts of androgen and estrogen. a. cortisone and corticosterone b. androstenedione and corticosterone c. cortisone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) d. dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione

A Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 922

Zona reticularis scretes ______________________________ and _____________________ as well as small amounts of estrogen and glucocorticoids. a. cortisone and corticosterone b. androstenedione and corticosterone c. cortisone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) d. dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione

D Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 922

Principal mineralocorticoid: _____________________________ ; Principal glucocorticoid: ______________________________ a. cortisol ; aldosterone b. aldosterone ; cortisol c. epinephrine ; norepinephrine d. norepinephrine ; epinephrine

B Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 921 and Dr. Cocoy's notes

Adrenal cortex originates in mesodermal layer that secretes ____________________ which are all synthesized from cholesterol. a. corticosteroids b. cortisone c. corticosterone d. dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

A Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 921 and Dr. Cocoy's notes

Which is NOT a Mineralocorticoid? a. Aldosterone b. Corticosterone c. 9α-Fluorocortisol d. Prednisone

D Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 922

Which is NOT a Glucocorticoids? a. Cortisol b. Corticosterone c. Aldosterone d. Prednisone

C Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 922

Effects of excess aldosterone? a. circulatory shock b. decrease hydrogen ion secretion c. muscle weakness d. diarrhea

C Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 949

Effects of too little aldosterone a. mild alkalosis b. androgen escape c. increase extracellular fluid volume d. hyperkalemia

D Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 949

True of the genomic actions of Aldosterone a. Increase formation of Camp in vascular smooth muscle cells and in epithelial cells of the renal collecting tubule b. Stimulate Phosphatidylinositol secondary messenger c. Genetic transcription which would increase the sodium- potassium adenosine triphosphatase d. All are genomic actions of Aldosterone

C Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 949-950

True of Aldosterone a. Increase reabsorption of Na in principal cells of CT, increase exchange of Na in intercalated cells of the cortical CT b. Increase reabsorption of Na in principal cells of CT, decrease exchange of Na In intercalated cells of the cortical CT c. Loss of Sodium in stools which leads to diarrhea d. Lack of conservation of salts in sweating and salivation

A Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 94

Effects of cortisol on Carbohydrate? a. stimulation of gluconeogenesis b. elevated blood glucose concentration c. decrease glucose utilization by cells d. all of the above

D Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 951

This explains adrenal diabetes except? a. Glucocorticoids depress oxidation of NADH to form NAD to prevent glycolysis to occur b. Glucocorticoids mobilize lipids from fat depots which impair insulin action on tissue c. Both are correct d. None are correct. There is no increase in blood glucose, therefore there is no adrenal metabolism.

C Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 951

Effects of cortisol on Protein, except? a. Decrease of cellular protein b. Increase liver protein c. Increase plasma protein d. Increase transport of AA into extrahepatic cells

D Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 952

Effects of cortisol on Fat? a. Obesity/ Moon face b. Decrease immunity c. Attenuation of fever d. all of the above are effects on FAT

A Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 952, 954

How does cortisol prevent inflammation? a. By disruption of lysosomal membranes b. By decreasing permeability of capillaries c. By increasing the migration of WBC into inflamed area and increasing phagocytosis of damage cells. d. By activating immune system which cause lymphocyte production to increase markedly

B Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 954

Excess quantities of androgen cause? a. Virile characteristics in female b. Conversion of adrenal androgens to testosterone in extra-adrenal tissues in males during puberty c. Masculinity in men d. Normal male sexual function

A Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 957

21. ________ is necessary for Aldosterone secretion but has little effect on controlling the rate of secretion in most physiological conditions. a. Cortisol b. CRH c. ACTH d. DHEAS

Angiotensin II in the adrenal cortex, has a(n) ___________ output of Aldosterone, __________ growth and vascularity of the Zona Glomerulosa, and has __________ effect on the other two zones. a. Increased, decreased, no effect b. Increased, increased, no effect c. Decreased, increased, little effect d. Increased, decreased, little effect

What is the precursor of ACTH and MSH? a. POMC b. CRH c. DHEAS d. Cortisol

What hormone increases Proopiomelanocortin gene expression? a. MSH b. CRH c. DHEAS d. Cortisol

. In strong diurnal rythmic regulations from the suprachiasmatic nucleus, cortisol surges ___________ then _____________ continually throughout the day and night. a. Pre-dawn and morning, declines b. Pre-dawn and morning, increases c. Evening, declines d. Evening, increases

Cortisol is regulated by ____________ in the Pituitary gland a. CRH b. MSH c. DHEAS d. ACTH

. In Adrenal Androgens, what hormone does not follow a diurnal pattern cause of its long half life? a. DHEAS b. ACTH c. MSH d. Androstenedione

Adrenarche in Zona Reticularis occurs in ___________ ACTH and Cortisol levels. a. Increase b. Decrease c. constant d. absence of

DHEA and Androstenedione display different diurnal patterns when compared to Cortisol. a. TRUE b. FALSE

. Increased Sodium ion concentration will _____________ Aldosterone secretion. a. greatly increase b. greatly decrease c. slightly increase d. slightly decrease

1. The adrenal medulla comprises __________ of the gland, and is functionally related to the __________. A. central 20 percent; parasympathetic nervous system B. central 20 percent; sympathetic nervous system C. peripheral 20 percent; parasympathetic nervous system D. peripheral 20 percent; sympathetic nervous system

B. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XIV, Chapter 77, Page 921

``` 2. The adrenal medulla secretes the following hormones, EXCEPT? A. catecholamines B. acetylcholine C. norepinephrine D. epinephrine ```

B. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XI, Chapter 60, Page 731

``` 3. Norepinephrine and epinephrine secreted into the blood by the adrenal medulla remain active until they diffuse into some tissue, where they can be destroyed by catechol-O-methyl transferase; this occurs mainly in the __________? A. liver B. kidneys C. pancreas D. spleen ```

A.Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XI, Chapter 60, Page 732

4. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the adrenal medulla causes large quantities of epinephrine and norepinephrine to be released into the circulating blood, and these two hormones in turn are carried in the blood to all tissues of the body. On average, secretion of the adrenal gland is about: A. 20 percent norepinephrine; 80 percent epinephrine B. 20 percent epinephrine; 80 percent norepinephrine C. 40 percent norepinephrine; 60 percent epinephrine D. 40 percent epinephrine; 60 percent norepinephrine

A. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XI, Chapter 60, Page 736

5. The following are effects of circulating norepinephrine, EXCEPT: A. constriction of most blood vessels of the body B. increases activity of the heart C. excitation of the gastrointestinal tract D. dilation of the pupils of the eyes

C.Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XI, Chapter 60, Page 736

``` 6. This hormone, because of its greater effect in stimulating the beta receptors, has a greater effect on cardiac stimulation and can increase the metabolic rate of the body to as much as 100 percent above normal, thus, increasing the activity and excitability of the body. A. insulin B. norepinephrine C. epinephrine D. glucagon ```

C. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XI, Chapter 60, Page 736

``` 7. __________ causes only weak constriction of the blood vessels in the muscles; __________ greatly increases the total peripheral resistance and elevates arterial pressure. A. Epinephrine, Norepinephrine B. Norepinephrine, Epinephrine C. Epinephrine, Epinephrine D. Norepinephrine, Norepinephrine ```

A. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XI, Chapter 60, Page 736

8. True of the dual mechanism of sympathetic stimulation, EXCEPT: A. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are almost always released by the adrenal medulla at the same time that the different organs are stimulated by generalized sympathetic stimulation. B. Destruction of the sympathetic pathways to the different body organs does not abrogate sympathetic excitation of the organs. C. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are released in the circulating blood and indirectly causes stimulation of the organs. D. Organs are stimulated indirectly by the sympathetic nerves and directly by the adrenal medullary hormones.

D. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XI, Chapter 60, Page 736

9. Statement 1: The normal resting rate of secretion by the adrenal medulla is about 0.2ug/kg/min of epinephrine and about 0.05ug/kg/min of norepinephrine. Statement 2: Much of the overall tone of the sympathetic nervous system results from basal secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal medulla in addition to the tone resulting from direct sympathetic stimulation. A. Statement 1 is true. Statement 2 is false. B. Statement 1 is false. Statement 2 is true. C. Both statements are true. D. Both statements are false.

C. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XI, Chapter 60, Page 737

``` 10. The circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine are removed from the blood slowly over a period of __________? A. 1-3 minutes B. 2-4 minutes C. 5-6 minutes D. 8-10 minutes ```

B. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Unit XI, Chapter 60, Page 736

The following are signs of hypercalcemia except: A. constipation B. Abdominal pain C. Depressed CNS D. Duodenal ulcer (correct answer: peptic ulcer)

D Guyton, page

``` Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by: A. Abnormal parathyroid glands B. Phosphate deficiency C. Hypocalcemia D. Excessive PTH secretion ```

C Guyton, (p. 1015)

Osteoblasts produce ______ which inhibits bone resorption. A. Receptor activator for nuclear factor K-B ligand (RANKL) B. Osteoproteregin ligand (OPGL) C. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) D. Estrogen

C Guyton, (p. 1007)

``` Hyperthyroidism is also known as A. Addison’s disease B. Graves disease C. Huntington’s disease D. Lou Gehrig’s disease ```

B Guyton, (p. 960)

How does PTU suppress thyroid secretion? A. Via competitive inhibition of iodide transport into cell. B. Via blockage of peroxidase enzyme required for iodination of tyrosine. C. Via reduction rate of iodide trapping. D. Via decreasing the number of thyroid cells

B Guyton, (p. 961)

``` Hypocalcemic tetany of the hand is also known as: A. Carpopedal spasm B. Tics C. Carpal twitching D. Tremors ```

A Guyton, (p.1002)

``` Osteoclasts eat away bones for about: A. 3 weeks B. 4 weeks C. 5 weeks D. 8 week ```

A Guyton, (p. 1006)

``` decrease in plasma calcium ______ formation of Vitamin D. A. Increase B. decrease C. Does not affect D. Inhibits ```

A Guyton, (p.1008)

``` Parathyroid hormone is secreted by: A. Oxyphil cell B. PP cell C. Chief cell D. Delta cell ```

``` Treatment for Rickets include: A. Restriction of calcium B. Restriction of phosphate C. Diet high in fat content D. Vitamin D administration ```

The following are specific effects of thyrotropin on the thyroid gland EXCEPT: A. increased activity of the iodide pump which increases the rate of “iodide trapping” in the glandular cells B. increased proteolysis of the thyroglobulin stored in the follicles, releasing the thyroid hormones into the circulation and increasing the follicular substance (DIMINISHING the follicular substance) C. increased size and increased secretory activity of the thyroid cells D. increased number of thyroid cells plus a change from cuboidal to columnar cells and much infolding of the thyroid epithelium into the follicles

All of the following are true about CRETINISM EXCEPT: A. it is caused by extreme hypothyroidism during fetal life, infancy, or childhood B. soft tissues are likely to enlarge excessively, giving the child an obese, stocky, and short appearance C. failure of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone because of a genetic defect of the gland, or from a lack of iodine in the diet – congenital cretinism (Endemic cretinism) D. may be characterized by mental retardation

Steps in the synthesis of thyroid hormone A. iodide trapping > formation and secretion of thyroglobulin > oxidation of iodine > organification of thyroglobulin > storage and secretion B. iodide trapping > oxidation of iodine > formation and secretion of thyroglobulin > organification of thyroglobulin > storage and secretion C. iodide trapping > oxidation of iodine > organification of thyroglobulin > formation and secretion of thyroglobulin > storage and secretion D. iodide trapping > formation and secretion of thyroglobulin > organification of thyroglobulin > oxidation of iodine > storage and secretion

A HANDOUT

SECONDARY HYPOTHYROIDISM A. TRH increased, TSH increased, thyroxine decreased B. TRH, TSH, T4 decreased C. TRH decreased, TSH increased, tetraiodothyronine increased D. TRH increased, TSH decreased, thyroxine decreased

D HANDOUT

Which of the following is not incorrectly matched? A. hyperthyroidism : prolonged relaxation phase of deep tendon reflex B. hypothyroidism: weight gain, cold intolerance C. hyperthyroism: increased appetite, cold intolerance D. hypothyroidism: fine tremors, pre-tibial myxedema

D HANDOUT

``` Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (Graves’ disease) have a prolonged stimulating effect on the thyroid gland, lasting for as long as ______ A. 8 hours B. 12 hours C. 24 hours D. 2 hours ```

B Guyton, page 960

``` __________ thyroid hormones, __________ plasma concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides, ___________ FFA A. increased, decreases, decreases B. increased, increases, decreases C. increased, decreases, increases D. increased, increases, increases ```

B Guyton, page 956

``` a chloride-iodide ion counter-transporter molecule used for transporting the iodide out of the thyroid cells across the apical membrane A. thymine B. thymosine C. pectin D. pendrin ```

C Guyton, page 952

Which of the following is/are true of Jod-Basedow Effect? A. Resumption of normal organification of iodine and normal thyroid peroxidase reaction B. occurs in people with thyroid abnormalities C. both D. neither

B Handouts

the most important early effect after administration of TSH which causes release of thyroxine and triiodothyronine into the blood within 30 minutes A. initiation of ptoteolysis of thyroglobulin B. mediation of iodide pump activity C. iodization of tyrosine D. elevation of the number of thyroid cells

A Guyton PP959

``` The synthesis of thyroid hormones requires what precursors? A. Peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide B. T3 and T4 C. Iodide and thyroglobulin D. Monoiodotyrosine and Diiodotyrosine ```

C BERNE & LEVY

``` In what stage of thyroid hormone synthesis does the formation of monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine occur? A. Oxidation of iodide B. Organification of thyroglobulin C. Storage of thyroglobulin D. Formation of thyroglobulin ```

B GUYTON

Which of the following best describes iodide trapping? A. Conversion of iodide to its oxidized form B. Binding of iodine with thyroglobulin C. Transport of iodide into the thyroid follicle by pendrin D. Transport of iodide from the blood to the thyroid cells via Na-I symporter

D Guyton

``` The one ultimately delivered to and utilized by the tissues is mainly what thyroid hormone? A. Thyroxine B. Triiodothyronine C. Monoiodotyrosine D. Diiodotyrosine ```

B Guyton

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the effects of the thyroid hormone? A. Decrease thermogenesis B. Obstruction of growth and maturation C. Increase cholesterol plasma concentration D. Increase basal rate of oxygen consumption

D- BERNE & LEVY

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Decrease thyroid hormone secretion increases cholesterol plasma concentration B. Increase thyroid hormone secretion increases heart rate C. Increase thyroid hormone secretion increase respiration D. Increase thyroid hormone secretion decreases gastrointestinal motility

D Guyton

TSH from the anterior pituitary gland has the following effects on thyroid gland: A. Decreases the secretion of itself B. Increases iodination of tyrosine C. Increases concentration of cholesterol D. Decreases iodide pump activity

B Guyton

``` Thyroid hormone secretion of thyroid gland is regulated by TSH. TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary is regulated by: A. Itself B. Monoiodotyrosine C. TRH D. TSH promoting hormone ```

``` What is the major hormonal product of the coupling reaction in thyroid hormone synthesis? A. T3 B. T4 C. T5 D. T6 ```

B Guyton

``` Oxidation of iodine is mediated by: A. Pendrin B. Na C. Peroxidase D. Megalin ```

C Guyton

``` What stimulates insulin sensitivity? A. Losing Weight B. ADH hormone C. Cortisol synthase D. Glucagon ```

``` Which of the following is NOT associated with metabolic syndrome in Type 2 DM? A.Low Blood Pressure B. Obesity C. Fasting hyperglycemia D. Lipid abnormalities ```

``` Which is a major consequence of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes? A. Atherosclerosis B. Insufficient gluconeogenesis C. Insufficient insulin production D. Edema ```

``` The liver functions as a ______ in glucose regulation. A. Blood glucose buffer system B. Site of glucagon storage C. Site of synthesis D. Glucose Transporter ```

``` Which of the following is NOT a source of energy? A. Heat B. Glucose C.Fatty acids D. Ketones ```

Normal glucagon levels _________. A. Promote both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis B. Stop gluconeogenesis and promotes glycogenolysis C. Promotes glycogen synthesis in the liver D. Promotes gluconeogenesis only

``` What does Somatostatin inhibit? A. Inhibits growth hormone, glucagon and insulin B. Inhibits glucagon only C. Inhibits cortisol and glucagon D. Inhibits gastrin hormone ```

What does the gastric inhibitory peptide do? A. Causes an increase in insulin secretion B. Increases blood pressure C. Causes a decrease in glycogen in the liver D. Inhibits production of insulin

``` Which of the following DOES NOT activate insulin release? A. Cortisol B. Glucose C. Arginine and lysine D. Anabolic hormones ```

``` What is the transport maxima for glucose? A. 200 mg per deciliter B. 250 mg per deciliter C. 300 mg per deciliter D. 100 mg per deciliter ```

``` What hormone exerts nearly 90% of the mineralocorticoid activity of the adrenocortical secretion? A. Aldosterone B. Cortisol C. Deoxycorticosterone D. Dehydroepiandrosterone ```

``` The following are secreted in the zona fasciculata except: A. testosterone B. estrogen C. cortisol D. corticosterone ```

What is the consequence when 2 amino acid chains in insulin are split? A. Functional activity of the insulin is lost B. Functional activity of the insulin is enhanced C. Blood glucose is decreased D. All of the above

``` What hormone acts locally within the islets of Langerhans to depress secretion of both secretion and absorption? A. Somatostatin B. Norepinephrine C. Epinephrine D. Cortisol ```

``` What is increased in the blood in diabetic patient with acetone breath? A. Acetoacetic acid B. Glutamic acid C. Fatty acid D. All of the above ```

``` What is the most important risk factor for type 2 diabetes in children and adults? A. Obesity B. Hypertension C. Allergy D. Muscle weakness ```

``` What disease is associated with an excess in glucocorticoids? A. Cushing's Syndrome B.Schwachan-Diamond Syndrome C. Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome D. All of the above ```

``` It is also referred to as the hyperglycemic hormone. A. Glucagon B. Insulin C. Cortisol D. Epinephrine ```

``` It provides about 4% of total glucocorticoid activity but is much less potent than cortisol. A. Corticosterone B. Cortisone C. Perdnisone D. Methylprednisone ```

``` When aldosterone is deficient, the extracellular fluid _______ ion concentration can rise above normal. A. Potassium B. Sodium C. Calcium D. All of the above ```

``` Insulin needs a specific receptor to initiate its effects on target cells. What are the receptors? A. 2 alpha, 2 beta B. 2 gamma, 2 beta C. 2 alpha, 2 gamma D. 2 gamma, 2 zeta ```

``` After a long and tiring day you decided to eat a heavy meal. What cells of the pancreas will be stimulated and what hormone will be released consequently? A. Beta cells- insulin B. Delta cells-insulin C. Alpha cells-glucagon D. Beta cells- glucagon ```

``` The following gastrointestinal hormone will stimulate the synthesis of insulin except: A. Leptin B. Gastrin C. Cholecystokinin D. Gastric inhibitory peptide ```

``` Identify the correct pairing of the pancreatic cell and its secretion. A. PP cell- pancreatic polypeptide B. Gamma cells- somatostatin C. Beta cells- glucagon D. Alpha cell- insulinpracticing ```

``` Ray is steadfast on her faith so she is strictly observing the Ramadan. After 7 days of fasting what will be at a higher concentration? A. Ketone bodies B. Glucose C. Somatostatin D. Insulin ```

``` During the post-absorptive state glucagon increases. What will be its effect on gluconeogenesis? A. Increase B. Decrease C. No effect D. Unknown ```

``` During the absorptive state insulin increases. What will be its effect on ketogenesis and fatty acid synthesis? A. Decrease, increase B. Increase, decrease C. Decrease, decrease D. Increase, Increase ```

``` Type II Diabetes Mellitus is associated with which metabolic syndrome? A. Insulin resistance B. Hypotension C. Fasting hypoglycemia D. Decreased blood triglycerides ```

Which of the following is not considered as a principal sequelae of Type I Diabetes? A. increased blood glucose levels B. increased utilization of fats for energy and for formation of cholesterol by the liver C. depletion of the body’s proteins D. Lipid abnormalities such as increased blood triglyceride and decreased blood high density lipoprotein-cholesterol

Which of the following is not an inhibitory effect of somatostatin? A. It acts locally within the islets of Langerhans themselves to depress secretion of both insulin and glucagon. B. It decreases motility of the stomach, duodenum, and gallbladder. C. It decreases both secretion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. D. It decreases blood triglyceride in the liver.

Which of the following statements is correct? A. Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glubagon B. Glucagon inhibits somatostatin C. Insulin inhibits somatostatin D. Amylin inhibits somatostatin

``` Which Glucose transporter is found in skeletal muscles and adipose tissues that functions in insulin-stimulated uptake of glucose? A. GLUT-4 B. GLUT-2 C. GLUT-3 D. GLUT-1 ```

What happens to excess carbohydrates that cannot be stored as glycogen? A. Converted into fats and stored in adipose tissue B. Converted back into glucose C. Stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver D. Inhibits glucose transport through the cell membrane into fat cells

Which of the following statements is false? A. Insulin inhibits transport of many of the amino acids into the cell B. Insulin increases translation of mRNA, thus forming new proteins C. Insulin inhibits catabolism of proteins D.Insulin depresses the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver

``` Glucagon is also called A.Hyperglycemic hormone B. Glucose inhibitor C. Anti-insulin D. Hypoglycemic hormone ```

The following are effects of glucagon except: A. Inactivates protein kinase B. Increases Gluconeogenesis C. Increases blood glucose concentration D. Activates protein kinase

``` Glucagon in high concentrations A. Enhances the strength of the heart B. Decreases blood flow in some tissues, especially the kidneys C. Decreases bile secretion D. Stimulates gastric acid secretion ```

``` This is initially caused by decreased sensitivity of target tissues to the metabolic effect of insulin A. Type 2 diabetes B. Type 3 diabetes C. Type 4 diabetes D. Type 1 diabetes ```

Why can acetone be smelled on the breath of Type 1 diabetic patients? A. small quantities of acetoacetic acid in the blood, which greatly increase in severe diabetes, are converted to acetone which is vaporised into expired air B. Glucose is converted into acetone which is vaporised into expired air C. Acetone is the primary ingredient of drugs for diabetes D. Large quantities of acetone in the blood, which increases greatly in severe diabetes, are converted to acetoacetic acid which is volatile and is vaporised into expired air

``` Patients with insulin-secreting tumors or in patients with diabetes who administer too much insulin to themselves develop a syndrome called A. Insulin shock B. Insulinemia C. Hypoinsulinism D. Hyperinsulinoma ```