Group 4: Cultural Relativism for Aesthetic

Question 1

Philosophical view that the judgement of beauty is relative to different individuals and/or cultures and that there are no universal criteria of beauty

Answer 1

Aesthetic Relativism

Question 2

Body modification among “primitive” peoples is sometimes regarded as grotesque by Western society.

Answer 2

Contemporary Aesthetics

Question 3

The perception of beauty and form in the ancient world and the importance that it was given to the ancient cultures.

Answer 3

Ancient Aesthetics

Question 4

Regarded as a sub-set of an overall philosophical relativism, which denies any absolute standards of truth or morality as well as of aesthetic judgement.

Answer 4

Aesthetics Relativism

Question 5

A frequentlycited source for philosophical relativism in postmodern theory is
a fragment by

Answer 5

Nietzsche, entitled
“On Truth and Lie in an Extra Moral Sense.”

Question 6

The book of Plato states that art imitates the objects and events of ordinary life.

Answer 6

The Republic

Question 7

A work of art is a copy of a
copy of a Form. It is even more of an illusion than is ordinary experience.

Answer 7

Theory of the Forms

Question 8

On this theory, works of art are at best entertainment, and at worst a dangerous delusion.

Answer 8

Theory of the Forms

Question 9

Kant’s aesthetic theory, our
appreciation of beauty is to be concerned with the very way in which elements are arranged, not the nature of the elements
themselves.

Answer 9

Formalism

Question 10

The most prominent philosophical opponent of aesthetic relativism

Answer 10

Immanuel Kant

Question 11

He argued that the judgment of beauty, while subjective, is universal.

Answer 11

Immanuel Kant

Question 12

It is a unique and fascinating tradition practiced by the Kayan people

Answer 12

Kayan Neck Ring Culture

Question 13

Kayan people, also known as

Answer 13

The “long-necked” tribe

Question 14

Kayan people reside primarily
in

Answer 14

Mynmar and Thailand

Question 15

Women of the Kayan tribe are well known for wearing brass
coils around their necks their entire lives in order to lengthen them

Answer 15

Kayan Neck Ring Culture

Question 16

The Kayans are originally from

Answer 16

Myanmar, formerly known as Burma.

Question 18

Kayan fled to the Thai borders in the late________ during the conflict between the Myanmar army and the rebel forces.

Answer 18

1980s and early 1990s

Question 19

Many Kayan people relocated to the province of ___________, where they now reside in the
refugee villages built there by the Thai government.

Answer 19

Mae Hong Son

Question 20

Any stiff jewelry item worn as an ornament around the neck of an individual.

Answer 20

Neck Rings

Question 21

Neck Rings are typically made of

Answer 21

Brass coils and gold alloys

Question 22

Brass coils can weigh from _____ as the years goes by

Answer 22

2.5 kilograms up to 13–15
kilograms

Question 23

Different Theories of Kayan Neck Ring Culture (1st Belief)

Answer 23

According to this belief, the coils were thought to protect the women from evil spirits and even wild animal attacks.

Question 24

Different Theories of Kayan Neck Ring Culture (2nd Belief)

Answer 24

It is designed to lessen women’s attractiveness in order to protect them from being kidnapped by rival tribes and from becoming slaves

Question 25

Different Theories of Kayan Neck Ring Culture (3rd Belief)

Answer 25

Nowadays, Kayan women use it to preserve their cultural identity and as a symbol of beauty.

Question 26

From an early age of _____, the
girls begin wearing _____ coils,
and as they grow older, more
coils are added.

Answer 26

• Fve (5)
• Six (6) Coils

Question 27

the Kayan Neck Ring Culture is a ________ for local governments and an opportunity for the women to sell their artisan crafts to visitors.

Answer 27

great source of income

Question 28

Nomadic tribe, located close
to the Sudan border in Omo Valley, Ethiopia consisting of about 10,000 people.

Answer 28

Mursi tribe

Question 28

Form of body modification done usually by Mursi
women.

Answer 28

African Lip Plates

Question 28

African Lip Plates are worn in their lower lip and is a symbol of

Answer 28

A woman’s beauty and signifies that a woman has reached childbearing age.

Question 29

Once an oral only tribe, meaning they only spoke since none of them knew how to read
or write until a decade ago

Answer 29

Mursi tribe

Question 30

Mursi tribe located close to

Answer 30

Sudan border in Omo Valley, Ethiopia

Question 31

Mursi tribe consist of

Answer 31

10,000 people

Question 32

Archaeological evidence stated that lip plates have been
independently invented six or more times in

Answer 32

Sudan, Eritrea, and
Ethiopia as far back as 8700 BC.

Question 33

Women who wore these lip plates were forcefully brought
to Europe and North America to

Answer 33

serve as entertainment in circuses in the late 19th and early 20th century

Question 34

At ___ years of age, an initiation ritual is done for the young
women with their mother or another kinswoman piercing the lower lip open by ____

Answer 34

• Six (6)
• 1 – 2 centimeters.

Question 35

Inserted into the incision to let the wound heal.

Answer 35

A wooden peg or ceramic disk

Question 36

The wound in Lip would last

Answer 36

Approximately three weeks.

Question 37

LIP PLATE PROCESS:

The stretching process begins in Lipa Plate once the ___1__ is placed.

Once removed, a __2___ will be inserted to further stretch the lip until it reaches ___3____.

At least __4____ lower front teeth will be extracted to accommodate the lip plate.

The lip plates are decorated by the women who wear it themselves and the stretching
process will continue until their lower lip an accommodate a plate that is ___5___

Answer 37

1. peg
2. circular disk
3. 4cm in diameter.
4. 2-4
5. 10 – 15 cm in diameter.

Question 38

If a woman does not wear the plate as expected, she would be considered

Answer 38

as lazy and might risk
losing some of the cattle that would be given to her and her
family.

Question 39

These lip plates also symbolize a woman’s commitment to

Answer 39

her own culture and to her own husband.

Question 40

What will happen if the husband of the mursi woman dies?

Answer 40

Once the husband
passes away, the plate on the widow’s lips will then be
removed, as the woman’s beauty fades after the husband’s
death.

Question 41

The practice of foot binding was
first practiced in China’s northern regions during

Answer 41

10th century, and in the 12th century it began to spread to the rest of the nation

Question 42

The earliest women who bound their feet were
among

Answer 42

Affluent, upper-class, and
royal women.

Question 43

It is a tradition from China that
involves breaking and firmly
binding young girls’ feet to change their size and shape

Answer 43

Foot Binding

Question 44

Terms used to describe feet that have had their arches bound.

Answer 44

Lotus feet and lotus shoes

Question 45

Done in the belief that broad faces with receding foreheads and flat noses were considered a local canon of beauty.

Answer 45

Skull molding

Question 46

The act of dying the teeth black
or red was to

Answer 46

distinguish themselves from animals with white teeth and to preserve them until old age.

Question 47

The Visayan skull molding
was carried out using a

Answer 47

Tangad

Question 48

This is a set of thin, comb-like rods bound to the baby’s forehead. It hinders the forward growth of the baby’s skull

Answer 48

Tangad

Question 49

She is known worldwide as a
living legend and the last tribal tattoo artist to hold the title of Mambabatok

Answer 49

Whang-od Oggay also known as Maria Oggay or Apo Whang-od

Question 50

Whang-od Oggay is a Filipina artist from _____

Answer 50

Buscalan, Tinglayan, Kalinga,
Philippines.

Question 51

“When you die, a tattoo is the only thing that will remain on your body, so it is a treasure, a
treasure that lasts,” _____

Answer 51

Whang-od Oggay

Question 52

PROCESS TATTOOING

The thorns are threaded into a
___1___. Oggay marks the tattoo design on the skin with a delicate ______2_____.
___3____ are mixed together to make the tribal tattoo ink, which is wiped onto the thorn and hand-tapped into the skin using a ____4____ bamboo hammer.

Answer 52

1. bamboo reed
2. Piece of Straw
3. Charcoal and Water
4. 12- inch

Question 53

For men, a Kalinga tattoo was traditionally a sign of

Answer 53

strength, wealth, and power.

Question 54

The word binukot comes from bukot meaning

Answer 54

‘to entrap’.

Question 54

_____ of Central Panay or the ____ of Maranao.

Answer 54

1. Binukot
2. Lamin

Question 55

These women were daughters of the datu who were treated as princesses secluded from society to preserve their chastity and future to be married to men with high
political status. They were known for their radiance –
the most beautiful and richest person with the finest
character

Answer 55

Binukot

Question 56

The Binukot is not exposed to the sun or allowed to work and is accompanied by her parents when she bathes. This practice results in

Answer 56

A fair, frail, fine-complexioned, and long-haired woman.

Question 57

At home, Binukot’s parents and grandparents entertain her with

Answer 57

Oral lore and traditional dances.

Question 58

When a Binukot is ready
for marriage, often at age 13 or 14 or younger, her parents ask for a ____ from the family of the suitor.

Answer 58

high pangayu
(Hiligaynon: bride price or dowry)