Group 2, the alkaline earth metals Flashcards

1
Q

describe the physical appearance of the Group 2 metals in comparison to Group 1

A

harder and denser than the Group 1 metals
higher melting points, surface is covered in a layer of oxide

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2
Q

describe the trend in reactivity down the group

A

reactivity increases down the group

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3
Q

what is the trend of ionisation energy for group 2 elements ?

A

extra shells so more shielding so weaker attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons - easier to remove the outer electrons so less energy needed

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4
Q

compare the sizes of a K+ ion and a Ca 2+ ion

A

Ca 2+ ion is smaller than a K + ion because the effective nuclear charge is 2 + compared to 1+ for K + so the remaining electrons are held more closely

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5
Q

what is the oxidation state of Group 2 metals in their compounds ?

A

+ 2

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6
Q

what types of agents is Group 2 metals ?

A

reducing agents

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7
Q

which metal in Group 2 is not a reducing agent ?

A

beryllium as they readily give up their two s electrons to form M 2+ ions

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8
Q

why is beryllium not a typical Group 2 element ?

A

the small size of its ion means that it has a much higher polarizing power than other Group 2 ions so its compounds have different chemical characteristics

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9
Q

what does group 2 elements produce in the reaction with oxygen ?

A

metal oxides - bases

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10
Q

group 2 oxides
- state the reaction of magnesium oxide and beryllium oxide

A

magnesium oxide - reacts very slowly and the hydroxide barely dissolves
beryllium oxide - does not react with water at all and the hydroxide is insoluble

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11
Q

as we go down the group, why do the group 2 oxides become more strongly alkaline ?

A

as the hydroxides become more soluble

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12
Q

how does oxides react with water ?

A

readily with water to make hydroxides which dissociate to form OH- ions

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13
Q

what does reaction with water for group 2 elements produce ?

A

metal hydroxides - bases

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14
Q

reactions with water - group 2 elements
- example

A

Sr (s) + 2H2O (l) -> Sr(OH) (aq) + H2 (g)

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15
Q

an increase of number of protons decreases down the group, what does the the shielding effect do ?

A

it overrides an increase in positive charge

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16
Q

Mg reacts slowly in cold water but more vigoursly in steam what does it produce ?

A

magnesium oxide instead of a hydroxide so the equation would be 2H2O(aq) not 2H2O(l)

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17
Q

what does group 2 elements produce when reacting with chlorine ?

A

metal chlorides - chlorides

18
Q

reactions with chlorine - group 2 elements
- write the balanced equation for the reaction between beryllium and chlorine

A

Be (s) + CI2 (g) -> BeCI2 (s)

19
Q

the oxides
- write the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between calcium oxide and nitric acid

A

CaO (s) + 2HNO3 (aq) -> Ca(NO3)2 (aq) + H2O (l)

20
Q

the hydroxides - state the solubility
- magnesium hydroxides
- calcium hydroxide
- barium hydroxides

A

magnesium hydroxides - insoluble in water
calcium hydroxide - slightly soluble in water
barium hydroxides - the most soluble hydroxide

21
Q

write the balanced equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate

A

CaCO3 (s) -> CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

22
Q

describe the trend in thermal stability down the group

A

increases down the group

23
Q

write the balanced symbol equation for the thermal decomposition of magnesium nitrate

A

2Mg(NO3)2 (s) -> MgO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

24
Q

describe the trend in thermal stability group 2

A

increases down the group

25
Q

describe the trend in solubility in Group 2 sulfates down the group

A
  • as the cation gets larger, it has a low charge stability
  • it becomes less attracted to the polar water molecules
26
Q

flame colors
metal ion
calcium
strontium
barium

A

calcium - brick red
strontium - crimson
barium - pale green

27
Q

what is thermal stability ?

A

an indication of the ease with which compounds decompose on heating

28
Q

polarizing power - define

A

indication of the extent to which a positive table is able to distort the electron cloud around a negative ions

29
Q

explain why the thermal stability of carbonates and nitrates increases down the Group 2

A
  • the carbonates ion becomes polarized
  • as the positive ions get bigger as you go down the group, they have the less effect on carbonate ions near them
  • to compensate for that, you heat the compound more in order to persuade the O2 to break free + leave the metal oxide
30
Q

describe the type of ion with the greatest polarizing power in terms of charge and size

A

charge: large
size: small

31
Q

neutralisation of group 2 oxides - example

A

CaO + 2HCI -> CaCI2 +H2O base + acid -> salt + water

32
Q

neutralisation of group 2 hydroxides - example

A

Ca(OH)2 + 2HCI -> CaCI2 + 2H2O
base + acid -> salt + water

33
Q

if the anion has a double charge how soluble is it as we go down the group ?

A

less

34
Q

is the anion has a single charge how soluble is it as we go down the group ?

A

more soluble

35
Q

what does carbonates break down into during thermal decomposition ?

A

metal oxides and carbon dioxide

36
Q

what does nitrates break into during thermal decomposition ?

A

metal oxides, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen

37
Q

write the balanced equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium nitrate

A

2Ca(NO3)2 (s) -> 2CaO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

38
Q

when the carbonate/ nitrate ion is nearby positive 2 metal ions what happens ?

A

it has a large electron cloud that can be distorted

39
Q

explain why group 2 metal ions have a low charge density ?

A

they have a 2+ charge - they become larger as we go down the group meaning the charge is spread out over a larger area so low charge density

40
Q

why is barium carbonate more stable than magnesium in the cloud in CO3 2- / NO3- ions ?

A

Mg 2+ is a smaller ion so it has a higher charge density and distorts the electron cloud more than Ba+ which has a lower charge density

41
Q

the less distortion the more / less stable the carbonate is ?

A

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