Group 2 Flashcards
What is the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?
A theory by Sternberg that includes three subtheories: Componential, Experiential, and Contextual.
Each subtheory defines different aspects of intelligence.
What does the Componential Subtheory focus on?
The mechanisms that result in intelligence, including metacomponents, performance components, and knowledge-acquisition components.
Each component plays a role in decision-making, problem-solving, and learning.
Define metacomponents.
Processes that enable us to monitor, control, and evaluate our mental processing.
They are essential for making decisions and solving problems.
What are performance components?
Components that enable us to take action on our plans and decisions.
They are crucial for executing tasks.
What do knowledge-acquisition components do?
Enable us to learn new information that helps us carry out our plans.
They are essential for acquiring and integrating new knowledge.
What does the Experiential Subtheory define?
Intelligence along a spectrum from novel situations requiring creative problem-solving to automated tasks.
It emphasizes the role of creativity and familiarity in problem-solving.
What is the Contextual Subtheory?
Views intelligence as the ability to effectively navigate one’s environment by adapting, selecting, or shaping it.
This highlights the practical application of intelligence in real-world situations.
List the kinds of intelligence according to Sternberg.
- Analytical thinking
- Creative thinking
- Practical thinking
Each type focuses on different cognitive skills and approaches.
What is Cognitive Information Processing Theory?
A multi-stage theory of memory that describes how information is received, processed, and stored.
It outlines how we handle information at various stages.
Name the three major components of Cognitive Information Processing Theory.
- Information stores
- Cognitive processes
- Metacognition
Each component plays a unique role in how we process information.
What are information stores?
Repositories used to hold information, including sensory, short-term (working), and long-term stores.
Different types of storage are critical for memory retention.
Define cognitive processes.
Intellectual actions that transform information and move it from one store to another, including attention, perception, rehearsal, encoding, and retrieval.
These processes are essential for effective learning and memory.
What is metacognition?
Knowing about and controlling cognitive processes; a form of self-regulation.
It helps individuals direct their learning strategies effectively.
What does Chomsky’s Linguistic Theory state?
Children are born with an innate ability to learn language, termed the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
This theory has not been fully supported by genetic or neurological studies.
What is the Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?
A structure within the brain that allows babies to absorb and understand language rules.
It plays a significant role in language development.
What does Behavioral Learning Theory propose?
Behaviors are learned from the environment, with little influence from innate factors.
This theory emphasizes the role of external stimuli in behavior formation.
Define operant conditioning.
A type of learning where behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them, shaped by rewards or punishments.
It is a key concept in Behavioral Learning Theory.
What is positive reinforcement?
When a behavior is followed by something good, increasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.
It strengthens desired behaviors.
What is negative reinforcement?
When a behavior removes something bad, encouraging the behavior to happen again.
It is not punishment; it promotes positive behavior.
Define punishment in the context of operant conditioning.
Weakens a behavior; can be positive (adding something unpleasant) or negative (removing something pleasant).
Both forms aim to decrease unwanted behaviors.
What is extinction in behavioral learning?
Occurs when a behavior is no longer followed by a consequence, leading it to gradually stop.
It highlights the importance of reinforcement in behavior maintenance.
What is classical conditioning?
A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally triggering response.
It focuses on linking stimuli to elicit specific reactions.
What does Social Cognitive Theory focus on?
Learning by observing others.
It emphasizes the role of modeling in behavior acquisition.
Differentiate between real-life models and symbolic models in imitation.
- Real-life models: Teachers, parents, friends, etc.
- Symbolic models: Verbal, pictorial, and written materials.
Both types influence learning through observation.
What is vicarious reinforcement?
When an observer anticipates receiving a reward for imitating a behavior because someone else has been rewarded.
It highlights the influence of others’ experiences on learning.
Define self-reinforcement.
When individuals strive to meet personal standards, independent of others’ reactions.
It reflects intrinsic motivation in learning.
What is Information Processing Theory?
A cognitive framework that focuses on how knowledge enters, is stored, and retrieved from memory.
It provides insights into the mechanics of learning.
List the types of knowledge in Information Processing Theory.
- General vs. Specific
- Declarative
- Procedural
- Episodic
- Conditional
Each type serves a different function in understanding and applying knowledge.
What is the encoding stage in Information Processing Theory?
Information is sensed, perceived, and attended to.
It is the first step in the memory process.
Describe the storage stage in Information Processing Theory.
Information is stored for a brief or extended period, depending on the encoding process.
Effective storage is crucial for later retrieval.
What is retrieval in the context of Information Processing Theory?
The process of bringing back stored information at the appropriate time for use.
It is the true measure of effective memory.
