group Flashcards
any collection of two or more people who have some- thing in common, whether it’s their appearance, culture, occupation, or just a physical proximity
group
a collection of people who not only share some attribute but also identify with one another and have ongoing social relations
group
they don’t necessarily have a sense of common identity, and they rarely assemble again once they disperse
crowd
examples of this are Collections of people such as crowds, audiences, and queues
aggregates
people who happen to find themselves together in a particular physical location
aggregates
Groups in which we are intimately associated with the other members, such as families and close friends
primary groups
typically involve more face- to-face interaction, greater cooperation, and deeper feelings of belonging. Members often associate with each other for no other reason than to spend time together.
primary group
introduced the term primary for this type of group because such groups have the most profound effects on us as individuals.
Charles Horton Cooley
represent the most important “looking glasses” in the formation of our social selves—they constitute our “significant others.”
primary groups
Larger, less intimate groups
secondary groups
these include coworkers, college classes, athletic organizations, labor unions, and political parties
secondary groups
organized around a specific activity or the accom- plishment of a task
secondary groups
You and your family, your friends, peers, colleagues, teachers, and coworkers constitute a
social network
connections between individuals
social ties
how groups form, change, disintegrate, achieve great goals, or commit horrendous wrongs constitute what
group dynamics
The size of a group affects how it operates and the types of individual relationships that can occur within it.
dyad
the smallest possible social group, consists of only two members
dyad
a married couple, two best friends, or two siblings
dyad
slightly more stable because the addition of a third person means that conflicts between two members can be refereed by the third.
triad
a group a member identifies with and feels loyalty toward.
in group
distinctness from or even hostility toward other group
out group
can be a source of prejudice and discrimination based on class, race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or political opinion
in group
When a group provides standards by which a person evaluates his own personal attributes, it is known as a
reference group
one to which we aspire to belong but of which we are not yet members;
reference group
the sense of solidarity or team spirit that members feel toward their group.
group cohesion
highly cohesive groups may demand absolute conformity and punish those who threaten to undermine the consensus.
group think
When this happens, groups may begin to feel invulnerable and morally superior (White 1989). Members who would otherwise wish to dissent may instead cave in to peer pressure.
group think
When individuals are part of groups, they are necessarily influenced by other members
social influence or peer pressure
doing the things we’re supposed to do,
prescription
avoiding the things we’re not supposed to do.
proscription
the mildest kind of conformity, means going along with something because you expect to gain rewards or avoid punishments
compliance
somewhat stronger kind of conformity, is induced by a person’s desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or group
identification
the strongest kind of conformity, occurs when an individual adopts the beliefs of a leader or group
internalization
example: dressing modestly as required by your religion—because you believe it to be morally right
internalization
a specific type of secondary group, are everywhere in your life—your university, employer, internet service provider, fast-food restaurant, and even church are likely to be organized
bureaucracy
designed to perform tasks efficiently, and they approach their tasks, whatever they are, with calculations designed deliberately to meet their goals.
bureaucracies
All members of a bureaucracy are assigned specialized roles and tasks.
specialization
Bureaucratic members are specially trained for their specific roles.
technical competence
Bureaucracies always feature the supervision of subordinates by higher-ranking managers and bosses.
hierarchy
These are meant to make all operations as predictable as possible.
rules and regulations
In a bureaucracy, rules come before people; no individual receives special treatment.
impersonality
Documents such as memos (or e-mails) are the heart of the organization and the most effective way to communicate.
formal written communication
coined bureaucracy
Max Weber
in which rules and regulations are paramount and an individual’s unique personal qualities are unimportant.
rationalization
mcdonaldization
George Ritzer
The basic idea is that these elements have been adapted based on the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant —- efficiency, calculability, predictability and standardization, and control —- and that this adaptation has ripple effects throughout all aspects of society.
mcdonaldization
entails a managerial focus on minimizing the time required to complete individual tasks as well as that required to complete the whole operation or process of production and distribution.
efficiency
focus on quantifiable objectives (counting things) rather than subjective ones (evaluation of quality).
calculability
found in repetitive and routinized production or service delivery processes and in the consistent output of products or experiences that are identical or close to it (predictability of the consumer experience).
predictability and standardization
is wielded by the management to ensure that workers appear and act the same on a moment-to-moment and daily basis. It also refers to the use of robots and technology to reduce or replace human employees wherever possible.
control
