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Six Sigma Green Belt > Group 1 > Flashcards

Group 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The primary focus of six sigma.

A

Quality and consistency.

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2
Q

The acronym for the lean six sigma cycle

A

DMAIC

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3
Q

When data points in a population are closely centered near the mean of the population, what does this suggest about the standard deviation?

A

It will be small.

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4
Q

What does the acronym DPMO represent?

A

Defects Per Million Opportunities

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5
Q

Number of DPMO in a six sigma process?

A

3.4

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6
Q

What percent of the observations, data points, or events will fall between plus and minus 1 standard deviation of the mean?

A

68%

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7
Q

What percent of the observations, data points, or events will fall between plus and minus 6 standard deviations of the mean?

A

99.9997%

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8
Q

A process generates a sample mean beyond the UCL. But the process mean has not shifted. Because the sample mean is outside the control limits, the process is considered to be out-of-control. What type of error has been made?

A

Alpha

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9
Q

The statistical terms that define the quality expected by customers and included on a process control chart.

A

Lower Specification Limit and Upper Specification Limit

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10
Q

The type of process control chart in which sample means are recorded.

A

X-Bar Chart

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11
Q

The type of process control chart that records process variation when the sample size is less than twelve.

A

R-Chart

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12
Q

The distribution that describes the way in which sample means vary around the population mean.

A

Distribution of sample means.

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13
Q

The statistic that measures the variation in a distribution by taking into consideration only the highest and lowest values in a dataset

A

Range

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14
Q

A graph that only includes data points representing the output from an operational process.

A

Scatter Plot

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15
Q

A graph that connects process output data points with a straight line.

A

Line graph

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16
Q

The statistic that measures the variation in a population where every data item is included in the calculation.

A

Standard deviation

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17
Q

Purpose of an X-Bar chart?

A

To ensure the process mean has not shifted, and the process is in control.

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18
Q

Define Within-Sample Variation

A

The variation expressed by data points in a sample. Measured as a range or standard deviation.

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19
Q

Another phrase for a process flow diagram that illustrates process steps and delays.

A

Value Stream Map

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20
Q

A term that represents the real cause of a problem.

A

Root Cause

21
Q

What does Y=f(x) represent?

A

The relationship between process inputs and process outputs. Y represents outputs, and x represents inputs. Outputs are therefore a ‘function of’ inputs.

22
Q

What is USL?

A

Upper Specification Limit. The level above which output is considered to be unacceptable by the customer. For example, service levels at a call center where wait time is more than ten minutes.

23
Q

Meaning of COPQ?

A

Cost Of Poor Quality. The total costs incurred by the organization when quality does not meet customer expectations.

24
Q

The centerline in an X-Bar chart.

A

Average Process Mean. Also referred to as a Target.

25
Q

Pareto Chart

A

A type of bar chart that represents the categories and magnitude of each possible source of a problem, and a line graph that represents the cumulative percent that eliminating these problems will contribute to solving the overall set of problems expressed in the chart.

26
Q

Value Added

A

A concept in Lean that identifies the value added by a step in an operations process. Value added is defined from the customer’s point of view. As long as the customer receives value from the step, it is considered “Value Added.”

27
Q

Can a process mean be changed by moving the LCL and UCL?

A

No. The process itself would have to be changed. A change in the LCL and UCL would only change the alpha and beta errors.

28
Q

Is the objective in Lean to reduce value-added or non-value-added steps?

A

Non-Value Added Steps

29
Q

When a sample mean falls above the UCL, or below the LCL, what does this suggest about the process mean?

A

The process mean has shifted, and the process is out of control. However, the process may still be in control. If this is the situation, and Alpha error has been committed.

30
Q

When designing a new X-Bar Chart, how s the process mean positioned on the chart?

A

Several preliminary samples are taken - usually in the range of five samples - and the average of all these samples is used to estimate the process mean. So we are talking about the average of the averages, or a “Grand Mean”.

31
Q

The population mean is 40, and the standard deviation is 5. What percent of observations will fall between 35 and 45?

A

68%

32
Q

The statistic that measures the variation in the distribution of sample means.

A

Standard Error of the Mean

33
Q

The population is 60, and the standard deviation is 10. What percent of the observations will fall between 40 and 80?

A

95%

34
Q

The likelihood that a sample result will fall within plus or minus 1 Standard Error of the Mean from the mean of a distribution of sample means.

A

68%

35
Q

What is a Business Case in a Lean Six Sigma project?

A

A document or report describing how a Lean Six Sigma project will solve a business problem.

36
Q

The population mean is 50. It’s standard deviation is 3. Samples of 35 are taken from the population. What is the likelihood that a sample mean will fall between plus and minus 2 standard errors of the mean?

A

95%

37
Q

The statistical term for the average output produced from a process.

A

Process Mean

38
Q

Sample Mean

A

The statistical term used to express the average computed from sample data.

39
Q

Process Variation

A

The expected and normal variation that occurs as processes deliver their output. No two individual outputs from the same process will be exactly the same. There is variability in every process. In some processes, output variation is large, and in others, small.

40
Q

The statistical term used to express the poorest quality tolerated by customers.

A

LSL, or Lower Specification Limit

41
Q

Statistical term used to express the variation within a population.

A

Standard Deviation

42
Q

What is Process Variation?

A

A measure that describes the extent of output variation from one output event to the next.

43
Q

What is VOC?

A

Voice Of the Customer. It expresses the wants and needs of the customer. The VOC drives the design, operation, and control of operational processes.

44
Q

How is the positioning of the USL and UCL related?

A

UCL must always be positioned within the USL.

45
Q

When is it appropriate to use an S-Chart rather than an R-Chart?

A

When the sample size is greater than 12.

46
Q

Define Alpha Error

A

The situation in which a process that is in control generates a process mean that is outside the LCL or UCL. While this is usually interpreted as a warning that the process is out of control, the process may still be in control, yet producing a sample result outside these limits. For a process whose limits are set at plus and minus two standard errors from the process mean, this likelihood is 5 percent.

47
Q

Process Capability

A

Process Capability, Cp, measures how close the output of a process is to its specification limits. The larger the Process Capability Index, the less likely it is that process output will be outside the specifications.
Cp =(USL – LSL)/(6 * σ)

48
Q

A process has generated a sample mean within the LCL and UCL. But the process mean has actually shifted. What type of error has been made?

A

Beta

49
Q

Define Metrics

A

Measurable and quantifiable project results that serve as reference points in a Lean Six Sigma project plan. For example, the expected result for a process improvement project may be a 25% reduction in the time it takes to ship an order.

Six Sigma Green Belt (1 decks)

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