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PHIL105 > Groundwork > Flashcards

Groundwork Flashcards

1
Q

define argument

A

a group of statements, some of which, the premises, are offered in support of another statement

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2
Q

define premise

A

A statement that provides support for a conclusion (or sub-conclusion) in an argument.

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3
Q

define conclusion

A

A statement that is the endpoint of an argument; what we want others to believe. Often, the answer to a question.

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4
Q

define premise indicator

A

A word or phrase that are used to indicate that the following statement is a premise. Most premises don’t have indicators, and not all indicators are reliable.

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5
Q

define conclusion indicator

A

a word or phrase that is used to indicate that the following statement is a conclusion. Not all conclusions have indicators or are reliable

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6
Q

define disposition

A

An underlying tendency to have an attitude; a part of your character or personality.

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7
Q

define open-mindedness

A

A disposition to consider different ideas, beliefs, points of view, approaches, and assumptions.

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8
Q

define psychological bias

A

A tendency to think in certain ways that can lead to systematic deviations from a standard of rationality or good judgment. Also known as a cognitive bias.

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9
Q

define confirmation bias

A

A psychological bias towards hearing only agreement with your views by interpreting arguments as supporting your views when they don’t, or ignoring those that don’t.

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10
Q

define worldview

A

A personal set of assumptions, defaults, heuristics, priorities, and values that distorts and limits everyone’s critical thinking.

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11
Q

what is a statement?

A

a self-contained sentence (or part of a sentence) that is either TRUE or FALSE

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12
Q

what is a non-statement?

A

is a sentence that is not a statement. Can’t be true or false

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13
Q

examples of non-statements

A 
questions
commands
greetings
exclamations
arguments, and sentences that refer to other sentences.
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14
Q

what is a rhetorical questions

A

a question used to express a statement. (should be rephrased into a statement)

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15
Q

examples of premise indicators

A 
because
since
supposing that
assuming that
given that
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16
Q

examples of conclusion indicators

A 
therefore
thus
hence
consequently
so
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17
Q

examples of non-arguments

A

opinion piece in newspapers
talk-back radio
talking to friends
stating a belief

18
Q

types of non-arguments

A

advice
reports
instructions
explanations

19
Q

what is an explanation.

A

a statement or collection of statements describing why or how something is the case

20
Q

what is a vague sentence

A

a sentence (or word) which has a range of possible meanings that blur together. has a lack or clarity or meaning

21
Q

what are the two types of vagueness

A
  1. not specifying relevant details

2. using generic words instead of precise terms

22
Q

what is an ambiguous sentence

A

a sentence or word which has several distinct non-overlapping meanings

23
Q

what are the three types of ambiguity

A
  1. lexical ambiguity
  2. prosodic ambiguity
  3. syntactic ambiguity
24
Q

what is lexical ambiguity

A

when words have more than one meaning

25
Q

what is prosodic ambiguity

A

when emphasis of different words makes the sentence have more than one meaning

26
Q

what is syntactic ambiguity

A

when sentences have different grammatical structures causing them to have different meanings

27
Q

what is a generalisation

A

is a statement that applies to classes of objects or events, rather than to an individual

28
Q

what are the three types of generalisation

A
  1. conceptual generalisation
  2. empirical generalisation
  3. social generalisations
29
Q

what is a conceptual generalisation

A

a statement that says one concept is part of another

e.g. all cats have four legs

30
Q

what is an empirical generalisation

A 
a statement that says all the individual real objects or events in a class each have a specific property
e.g. most cats have four legs
31
Q

what is an social generalisation

A

a statement which (the most influential part of) society currently assumes is true regardless of evidence.
e.g. normally, cats have four legs

32
Q

what is a conditional generalisation

A

a hypothetical statement, usually containing ‘if’, ‘unless’, or a similar word.
e.g. if an animal is a cat, it has four legs

33
Q

what are the three types of conditional generalisations

A
  1. definitions
  2. predictions
  3. counterfactuals
34
Q

what is a conceptual definitions

A

definitions that require a stricture criteria including

  • necessary conditions
  • sufficient conditions
35
Q

example of a necessary condition

A

being warm-blooded is a necessary condition to be a primate. no primate is cold-blooded

36
Q

example of a sufficient conditions

A

being enrolled in an Architecture course at University is sufficient to count as a student

37
Q

what is a cluster definition

A

definitions which have sufficient conditions, and near-necessary conditions that allow for exceptions.
e.g. MRS GREN

38
Q

what is an institutional definition

A

definitions which are explicit sociological constructs, based on the evaluation of experts affirmed by relevant institutions

39
Q

things which define a person’s worldview

A 
religion
culture
ethnicity
gender
family upbringing
40
Q

what is the veil of ignorance

A

putting oneself in a neutral situation by pretending to have amnesia

41
Q

what are assumptions

A

identify and recognise them

42
Q

what is a capacity

A

something a person is capable of
E.g. both an impulsive and patient person have the capacity to keep calm.
However, the impulsive persons lacks the disposition to keep calm when appropriate

PHIL105 (7 decks)

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