Groundwork

Question 1

define argument

Answer 1

a group of statements, some of which, the premises, are offered in support of another statement

Question 2

define premise

Answer 2

A statement that provides support for a conclusion (or sub-conclusion) in an argument.

Question 3

define conclusion

Answer 3

A statement that is the endpoint of an argument; what we want others to believe. Often, the answer to a question.

Question 4

define premise indicator

Answer 4

A word or phrase that are used to indicate that the following statement is a premise. Most premises don’t have indicators, and not all indicators are reliable.

Question 5

define conclusion indicator

Answer 5

a word or phrase that is used to indicate that the following statement is a conclusion. Not all conclusions have indicators or are reliable

Question 6

define disposition

Answer 6

An underlying tendency to have an attitude; a part of your character or personality.

Question 7

define open-mindedness

Answer 7

A disposition to consider different ideas, beliefs, points of view, approaches, and assumptions.

Question 8

define psychological bias

Answer 8

A tendency to think in certain ways that can lead to systematic deviations from a standard of rationality or good judgment. Also known as a cognitive bias.

Question 9

define confirmation bias

Answer 9

A psychological bias towards hearing only agreement with your views by interpreting arguments as supporting your views when they don’t, or ignoring those that don’t.

Question 10

define worldview

Answer 10

A personal set of assumptions, defaults, heuristics, priorities, and values that distorts and limits everyone’s critical thinking.

Question 11

what is a statement?

Answer 11

a self-contained sentence (or part of a sentence) that is either TRUE or FALSE

Question 12

what is a non-statement?

Answer 12

is a sentence that is not a statement. Can’t be true or false

Question 13

examples of non-statements

Answer 13

questions
commands
greetings
exclamations
arguments, and sentences that refer to other sentences.

Question 14

what is a rhetorical questions

Answer 14

a question used to express a statement. (should be rephrased into a statement)

Question 15

examples of premise indicators

Answer 15

because
since
supposing that
assuming that
given that

Question 16

examples of conclusion indicators

Answer 16

therefore
thus
hence
consequently
so

Question 17

examples of non-arguments

Answer 17

opinion piece in newspapers
talk-back radio
talking to friends
stating a belief

Question 18

types of non-arguments

Answer 18

advice
reports
instructions
explanations

Question 19

what is an explanation.

Answer 19

a statement or collection of statements describing why or how something is the case

Question 20

what is a vague sentence

Answer 20

a sentence (or word) which has a range of possible meanings that blur together. has a lack or clarity or meaning

Question 21

what are the two types of vagueness

Answer 21

1. not specifying relevant details

2. using generic words instead of precise terms

Question 22

what is an ambiguous sentence

Answer 22

a sentence or word which has several distinct non-overlapping meanings

Question 23

what are the three types of ambiguity

Answer 23

1. lexical ambiguity
2. prosodic ambiguity
3. syntactic ambiguity

Question 24

what is lexical ambiguity

Answer 24

when words have more than one meaning

Question 25

what is prosodic ambiguity

Answer 25

when emphasis of different words makes the sentence have more than one meaning

Question 26

what is syntactic ambiguity

Answer 26

when sentences have different grammatical structures causing them to have different meanings

Question 27

what is a generalisation

Answer 27

is a statement that applies to classes of objects or events, rather than to an individual

Question 28

what are the three types of generalisation

Answer 28

1. conceptual generalisation 2. empirical generalisation 3. social generalisations

Question 29

what is a conceptual generalisation

Answer 29

a statement that says one concept is part of another | e.g. all cats have four legs

Question 30

what is an empirical generalisation

Answer 30

``` a statement that says all the individual real objects or events in a class each have a specific property e.g. most cats have four legs ```

Question 31

what is an social generalisation

Answer 31

a statement which (the most influential part of) society currently assumes is true regardless of evidence. e.g. normally, cats have four legs

Question 32

what is a conditional generalisation

Answer 32

a hypothetical statement, usually containing 'if', 'unless', or a similar word. e.g. if an animal is a cat, it has four legs

Question 33

what are the three types of conditional generalisations

Answer 33

1. definitions 2. predictions 3. counterfactuals

Question 34

what is a conceptual definitions

Answer 34

definitions that require a stricture criteria including - necessary conditions - sufficient conditions

Question 35

example of a necessary condition

Answer 35

being warm-blooded is a necessary condition to be a primate. no primate is cold-blooded

Question 36

example of a sufficient conditions

Answer 36

being enrolled in an Architecture course at University is sufficient to count as a student

Question 37

what is a cluster definition

Answer 37

definitions which have sufficient conditions, and near-necessary conditions that allow for exceptions. e.g. MRS GREN

Question 38

what is an institutional definition

Answer 38

definitions which are explicit sociological constructs, based on the evaluation of experts affirmed by relevant institutions

Question 39

things which define a person's worldview

Answer 39

``` religion culture ethnicity gender family upbringing ```

Question 40

what is the veil of ignorance

Answer 40

putting oneself in a neutral situation by pretending to have amnesia

Question 41

what are assumptions

Answer 41

identify and recognise them

Question 42

what is a capacity

Answer 42

something a person is capable of E.g. both an impulsive and patient person have the capacity to keep calm. However, the impulsive persons lacks the disposition to keep calm when appropriate