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East Midterm 2 > Ground water > Flashcards

Ground water Flashcards

1
Q

Groundwater

A

water below the Earth’s surface that fills voids in soils and rocks

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2
Q

Groundwater comprises __% of the water on earth

A

1%

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3
Q

Recharge

A

occurs when water enters into the subsurface and becomes groundwater by percolating into soil or rock at the surface

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4
Q

Groundwater recharge cycle

A
  1. Rainwater or snowmelt seeps into the ground
  2. Gravity moves water downward through the zone of aeration until it reaches the water table
  3. Flowpaths of water past water table lead to rivers
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5
Q

A spring will emerge where the water table intersects ____.

A

the surface

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6
Q

Zones of groundwater

A

Vadose (aeration, unsaturated), and saturated zone

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7
Q

Vadose and saturated zones are separated by the

A

water table

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8
Q

Vadose zone

A

the region nearer to the surface where pores or fractures in the subsurface are not entirely filled with water.

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9
Q

Posority

A

the amount of pore space in a geologic medium such as soil, sediment, or rock between 0 and 100%

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10
Q

Permeability

A

a measure of the ease with which a fluid can flow through a geologic medium.

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11
Q

Permeability is related to:

A

porosity and connectedness of pores

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12
Q

Clay permeability

A

Clay has high porosity but pores are small and poorly connected, so clay has low permeability

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13
Q

The water table is a subdued imitation of the ____.

A

landscape

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14
Q

the water table ____ under hills and ____ under valleys

A

rises

lowers

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15
Q

Relationship between the water table and the season

A

The water table will raise/lower depending on the seasons. During rain events and spring melt, the water table will rise.

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16
Q

What controls the exact position of the water table in the subsurface

A

the physical properties of the porous medium

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17
Q

Surface expressions of the water table

A

surface water bodies (rivers, lakes, and ponds)

18
Q

What drives groundwater flow

A

gravity

19
Q

Groundwater flows from regions of ___ pressure to regions of ___ pressure

A

from high pressure to low pressure

20
Q

Hydraulic head

A

A measure of the pressure difference that drives groundwater flow.

21
Q

Groundwater flow follows _____ paths.

A

curving

22
Q

Groundwater flows from ___ areas to ____ areas.

A

recharge (infiltration) to discharge (rivers)

23
Q

Discharge

A

A region where groundwater emerges at the surface

24
Q

Examples of discharge areas

A

rivers, lakes, streams, wetlands

25
Q

Springs

A

natural points of groundwater discharge that occur when the water table or permeability boundary intersects at the land surface

26
Q

Aquifer

A

units of geological media that have sufficient capacity and high enough permeability to supply water at a rate useful to humans.

27
Q

Two types of aquifers

A

Unconfined aquifer, confined aquifer

28
Q

Unconfied aquifer

A

an aquifer in which the upper boundary is defined by the water table

29
Q

Confined aquifer

A

an aquifer in which the upper boundary is defined by an aquiclude (geological media that stops the flow of media)

30
Q

Aquiclude

A

units of geological media that have considerably slow flow or completely stop the flow of water (has low permeability) - usually have an impermeable rock layer on top

31
Q

Cone of depression in the water table surrounding a well

A

occurs when the rate of groundwater withdrawal (pumping) exceeds the rate of local groundwater flow at a well

32
Q

Groundwater causes the transportation of mass through the ___ and ___ of minerals in geologic media

A

dissolution and precipitation

33
Q

Dissolution of minerals depends on

A

groundwater chemistry - groundwater pH

34
Q

Precipitation of minerals occurs when

A

ions dissolve in groundwater come out of solution due to changes in factors such as pH, pressure, or evaporation

35
Q

Stalactites

A

Rocks hanging from the ceiling

36
Q

Stalagmites

A

rocks growing from the floor

37
Q

How stalacites and stalagmites form

A

dissolved ions in groundwater precipitate to form rocks in caves due to evaporation and other changes in groundwater chemistry.

38
Q

Cement

A

Mineral deposits in small pore spaces

39
Q

Cement may convert loose sand into

A

sandstone

40
Q

Cement may convert an aquifer into an

A

aquiclude

41
Q

Cement may make a potential oil reservoir into a

A

non-porous non-reservoir

East Midterm 2 (11 decks)

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