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Gross Anatomy > Gross Exam 4 - Back > Flashcards

Gross Exam 4 - Back Flashcards

1
Q

Primary curvature of back

A

Concave anteriorly (Thoracic, sacral)

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2
Q

Secondary curvature of back

A

Convex anteriorly (Cervical, lumbar)

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3
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the back

A

Move upper limbs and ribs
Innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves
Superficial: Relate to limbs
Intermediate: Relate to thoracic wall

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4
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the back

A

Maintain posture and move vertebral column
Innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerve
Deep: Move column and head

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5
Q

Roots

A

Unidirectional flow of info
Dorsal: Sensory
Ventral: Motor
Ventral + Dorsal root = Spinal nerve

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6
Q

Rami

A

Bidirectional flow of info
Dorsal: Intrinsic back muscles and skin of back
Ventral: Everything else
(Spinal nerve splits into dorsal and ventral rami)

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7
Q

Cervical spinal nerves emerge ___ named verebra

A

Above

C8 emerges above T1

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8
Q

Borders of vertebral canal

A

Anterior: Body of vertebra
Sides: Pedicles
Posterior: Laminae
(Pedicles + Laminae = Arch)

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9
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A 
31 - 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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10
Q

Where does spinal cord end?

A

L1/2

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11
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Elongated ventral and dorsal rami that extend from the end of the spinal cord to lower vertebral levels

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12
Q

Atlo-occipital joint

A

Capital flexion and extension

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13
Q

What ligament anchors dens to atlas?

A

Transverse ligament

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14
Q

Atlanto-axial joint

A

Capital rotation

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15
Q

What ligament fixes dens to occiput?

A

Alar ligament

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16
Q

What passes through transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae?

A

Vertebral artery

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17
Q

Spinous processes of each type of vertebra

A

Cervical: Bifid, short
Thoracic: Long, sloping inferiorly
Lumbar: Short, broad

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18
Q

Articular facets of each type of vertebra

A

Cervical: Nearly horizontal - allow rotation and flexion/ extension
Thoracic: Coronal plane - allow rotation, but little flexion/ extension
Lumbar: Sagittal plane - allow flexion/ extension, but no rotation

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19
Q

Intervertebral Joints

A

Symphyses: Between bodies
- 1 above, 1 below
Synovial: Between articular facets
- 2 above, 2 below

*6 total

20
Q

Outer part of intervertebral disc

A

Anulus Fibrosus

degeneration of this leads to herniation

21
Q

Inner part of intervertebral disc

A

Nucleus Pulposus

22
Q

How and where are intervertebral discs likely to bulge?

A

Posterio-laterally during flexion

Where: C5-6, 6-7; L4-5, L5-S1

23
Q

Uncovertebral Joints

A

Upper surface of cervical vertebrae may form “uncinate processes”, which articulate with body above it

24
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

Upper part of posterior longitudinal membrane

Attaches C2 to skull

25
Q

Ligamentum Flavum

A

Connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae (creates part of posterior wall of vertebral canal)
Resists separation of laminae during flexion. Assists in extension

26
Q

Supraspinous Ligaments

A

Connects the tips of spinous processes from C7- Sacrum

27
Q

Ligamentum Nuchae

A

Thickening of supraspinous ligament from C7-skull
(Base = external occipital protuberance to foramen magnum
Apex = C7)

28
Q

Interspinous Ligaments

A

Pass between adjacent spinous processes

29
Q

Trapezius action and innervation

A

Action: Upward rotation of scapula during humeral ABD. Also elevation, retraction, and depression of scapula
Innervation: CNXI (Accessory)

30
Q

Latissimus Dorsi action and innervation

A

Action: Extension, IR, and ADD of humerus
Innervation: Thoracodorsal (C7-8)

31
Q

Levator Scapulae action and innervation

A

Action: Elevation of scapula
Innervation: Dorsal scapular (C5)

32
Q

Rhomboids action and innervation

A

Action: Retraction and elevation of scapula
Innervation: Dorsal scapular (C5)

33
Q

Serratus posterior inferior and superior action and innervation

A

Action: Assist in respiration (depress and elevate ribs)
Innervation: Anterior rami

34
Q

Splenius capitus and cervicis

A

Capitus: Spinous processes –> Occipital bone
Cervicis: Spinous process T3-6 –> Transverse processes C1-3
(B) Extend neck
(U) Ipsilateral rotation

35
Q

Erector Spinae

A

Iliocostalis: Iliac crest –> Ribs
Longissimus: Transverse process of lower –> Transverse process of upper
Spinalis: Spinous process of lower –> Spinous process of upper

(B) Primary extensor of spine
(U) Ipsilateral flexion

36
Q

Semispinalis

A

Transverse process of lower –> Spinous process of upper (span 4-6)
(B) Extend the spine
(U) Contralateral rotation

37
Q

Multifidus

A

Transverse lower –> Spinous upper (spans 2-4)
(B) Extend spine
(U) Contralateral rotation

38
Q

Rotatores

A

Transverse lower -> Spinous upper (spans 1-2)
(B) Extend spine
(U) Contralateral rotation

39
Q

Action of suboccipital muscles

A

Capital extension

40
Q

Suboccipital muscles

A

Rectus Capitus Posterior Minor (C1 spine –> occiput)
Rectus Capitus Posterior Major (C2 spine –> occiput)
Obliquus Capitus Inferior (C1 transverse –> C2 spine)
Obliquus Captius Superior (C1 transverse –> Occiput)

41
Q

Suboccipital Triangle

A

RCPMajor, OCS, OCI

Contains vertebral artery and posterior ramus of C1

42
Q

Innervation of suboccipitals

A

Posterior ramus of C1

43
Q

Extensions of pia mater that anchor spinal cord

A

Denticulate Ligaments

Filum Terminale

44
Q

Where do dura and arachnoid mater end?

A

S2

45
Q

Spine of scapula is in line with ___ vertebral level

A

T3

46
Q

Inferior angle of scapula is in line with ___ vertebral level

A

T7

47
Q

Highest point of iliac crest is in line with ___ vertebral level

A

L4

Gross Anatomy (2 decks)

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