Gross and Microscopic Anatomy 1. Gross Anatomy Flashcards by Genesis Mendez

What is the definition of Gross Anatomy?

The study of anatomical structures visible to the naked eye.

Components studied include bones, muscles, arteries, veins, and nerves.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define Microscopic Anatomy.

The study of microscopic structures in tissues and organs.

Also known as histology or microanatomy.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the purpose of Microscopic Anatomy?

Provides a structural basis for understanding the physiology of different anatomical systems.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does Microscopic Anatomy complement Gross Anatomy?

Microscopic anatomy helps explain the function and organization of tissues that form organs and systems observed in gross anatomy.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Epithelial Tissue?

Composed of sheets of cells that cover and line other tissues in the body.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List examples of locations where Epithelial Tissue can be found.

Bladder
Mouth
Blood vessels
Thorax
Body cavities and ducts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the key characteristics of Epithelial Tissue?

Exposed Surface
Anchored
Interface Layer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the functions of Epithelial Tissue?

Protection
Filtration
Absorption
Sensory Input
Secretion/Excretion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fill in the blank: Epithelial tissue protects underlying tissues from _______.

[mechanical damage, dehydration, harmful chemicals]

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the organization of Epithelial Cells?

Epithelial cells form tightly packed groups, creating sheets of tissue.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two types of Epithelial Cell arrangements?

Simple Epithelium
Stratified Epithelium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the polarity of Epithelial Cells refer to?

Epithelial cells have a distinct directionality with an apical surface and a basal surface.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Avascular nature of Epithelial Tissue?

Epithelial tissue is avascular, meaning it doesn’t contain blood vessels or capillaries.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of the Basement Membrane?

Provides structural support
Acts as a barrier
Facilitates nutrient and oxygen diffusion
Transfers waste and nutrients

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does the thickness of the Basement Membrane vary?

Depends on the type of tissue and location within the body

Thin in the skin
Thicker in structures like the trachea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Cancerous epithelia can invade the underlying connective tissue.

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are Microvilli?

Fine projections that increase the surface area of the cell.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of Cilia?

Help move substances across the surface of epithelial cells.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is keratinization?

The process where epithelial cells fill with keratin, a protective, waterproof substance.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What diseases are caused by Parvoviruses?

Feline panleukopenia
Canine parvoviral enteritis

How is Parvovirus transmitted?

Spread through feces and other excretions of infected animals
Can be carried on clothing, shoes, and toys

What is the impact of Parvovirus on Epithelial Tissue?

Attacks actively dividing cells, especially affecting epithelial tissues.

What are the symptoms of Parvovirus infection?

Diarrhea
Vomiting
Severe dehydration

What are the classifications of Epithelia based on?

Number of layers of cells
Shape of the cells
Presence of surface specializations

What is Simple Squamous Epithelium?

Single layer of thin, flat cells, important for diffusion and filtration.

Where is Simple Squamous Epithelium found?

* Lung alveoli * Kidneys * Blood and lymphatic vessels

What is the structure of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?

Single layer of cube-shaped cells.

What is the function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?

Involved in secretion and absorption.

Describe the structure of Simple Columnar Epithelium.

Elongated cells that are closely packed together.

What are Goblet Cells?

Wineglass-shaped cells that manufacture and store mucus.

What is the role of Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium?

Moves ova in uterine tubes and mucus in the respiratory tract.

What type of cells produce and store mucus?

Goblet Cells ## Footnote Goblet cells are wineglass-shaped cells that secrete lubricating mucus onto the luminal surface, aiding in the movement of materials.

Where is Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium found?

* Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) * Respiratory tract ## Footnote Ciliated simple columnar epithelium helps in moving ova towards the uterus and in moving mucus and trapped particles out of the lungs.

What is the primary function of Simple Columnar Epithelium?

Absorption and secretion ## Footnote It consists of elongated cells, with specialized absorptive cells having microvilli and goblet cells that secrete mucus.

What characterizes Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

Multiple layers of cells ## Footnote It protects underlying tissues from damage or abrasion and is found in areas subjected to mechanical and chemical stress.

What is the structure of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium?

Usually consists of two layers of cuboidal cells ## Footnote It is found in large excretory ducts such as those of sweat, mammary, and salivary glands.

True or False: Stratified Columnar Epithelium is a common type of epithelium.

False ## Footnote It is a rare type of epithelium found in specific regions of the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems.

What is unique about Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium?

Appears stratified but is actually a single layer of cells ## Footnote Nuclei are at different levels, creating the appearance of multiple layers; commonly found in the respiratory tract.

What is the function of Transitional Epithelium?

Provides elasticity to organs like the bladder ## Footnote It allows organs to stretch and contract, preventing leakage of urine.

Define a gland.

A cell or group of cells that can produce and release secretions ## Footnote Glands are characterized by their prominent endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules.

What are the two main types of glands based on duct presence?

* Endocrine glands: No ducts * Exocrine glands: Have ducts ## Footnote Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release substances onto surfaces or into cavities.

What are Unicellular glands?

Composed of a single cell ## Footnote An example includes goblet cells.

What are Compound glands?

Glands with branched ducts ## Footnote These glands have a more complex structure compared to simple glands.

What type of secretion involves the entire cell disintegrating?

Holocrine secretion ## Footnote An example includes sebaceous glands.

What do Merocrine glands do?

Secrete via exocytosis ## Footnote Examples include pancreas, sweat glands, and salivary glands.

List the components of Multicellular Exocrine Glands.

* Secretory Unit * Duct ## Footnote The secretory unit produces secretions, while the duct carries them to the deposition site.

What is the function of Goblet cells?

Secretes mucin, which turns into mucus ## Footnote Mucus protects the apical surface of the epithelium and traps microorganisms and foreign particles.

Where can you find Transitional Epithelium?

* Urinary bladder * Ureters * Urethra * Calyxes of the kidneys ## Footnote Transitional epithelium is specialized to stretch and forms a leak-proof membrane.