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Gross Anatomy > Gross Anatomy TBL 10 > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy TBL 10 Flashcards

1
Q

At the onset of embryonic period mesoderm derived hemangioblasts form (2).

A

hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial cells

Note: Hemangioblasts are are multipotent precursors. Hematopoietic stem cells form blood cellular components.

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2
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells first form where? Once formed in said place where do the hematopoietic stem cells migrate during embriogenesis (2)?

A

In extraembryonic mesoderm

The hematopoietic stem cells migrate to liver during embryogenesis until the 7th month. After the 7th month the hematopoietic stem cells migrate to the bone marrow - the definitive blood forming tissue

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3
Q

Hemangioblast-derived pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells do (3)

A

Self renew, replicate, proliferate into progenitor cells.

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4
Q

Progenitor cells is interchangeable to what term?

A

When injected experimentally into the SPLEEN progenitor cells proliferate into CFUs (colony forming units - interchangeable term)

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5
Q

CFUs differentiate into (5)

A

erythrocytic, granulocytic, monocytic, lymphocytic, thrombocytic precursor cells.

CFU = progenitor cells which came from hemangioblast-derived pluriopotential hematopoietic stem cells

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6
Q 
Erythropoiesis defines CFU-E into?
Granulopoiesis defines CFU-GM into?
Moncytopoiesis defines CFU-GM into?
Lymphocytopoiesis defines CFU-L into?
Thrombocytopoiesis defines CFU-Meg (Megakaryocyte) into?
A 
RBCs
Basophils, Neutrophils, Eosinophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Platelets
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7
Q

Blood cells or bone marrow samples are stained with what dyes on a slide?

A

Stained with eosin (acidophilic and stains basic) and stains Hb orange-red to pink. The Nucleus when stained with basic dye stain dark blue with e.g hematoxylin (basophilic stains acidic)

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8
Q

What is the direct descendant of CFU-E?

A

Proerythroblast

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9
Q

How does lineage of erythroblasts change when being viewed?

A

Cytoplasmic color changes characterize erythroblast lineage. As we go down the lineage the cytoplasm becomes (more eosinophilic) lighter in color from a dark purple to light pink.

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10
Q

What’s different and alike from the reticulocyte to erythrocyte?

A

Reticulocyte and erythrocyte are anucleated. The reticulocyte however lacks central pallor.

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11
Q

Nuclear extrusion occurs where in the lineage of erythrocytes?

A

Occurs in the later stage before reticulocyte stage and after orthochromatic (“intermediate erythroblast” , “normoblast”) erthryoblast

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12
Q

Why does the cytoplasm change from blue to gray to reddish pink during erythropoiesis?

A

The free cytoplasmic ribosomes stains a deep blue by a basic dye (e.g. hematoxylin). These free cytoplasmic rRNA synthesize Hb. As the synthesis of Hb increases this creates a slate gray tinge with also the decrease of in ribosomes. With higher Hb content the cytoplasm becomes more eosinophlic.

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13
Q

Why is hypoxia the principal stimulus for erythropoietin secretion, and what is the normal duration of erythropoiesis?

A

In response to hypoxia the interstitial peritubular cells of the kidneys secrete erythorpoietin- a glycoprotein hormone that regulates erythropoiesis.

Erythropoiesis normally takes 7-8 days.

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14
Q

What is the direct precursor of CFU-GM? What does said precursor become?

A

Myeloblast which then becomes promyelocyte.

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15
Q

What morphological details determines the completion of granulopoiesis and how long does this normally take?

A

The lobulation of horshoe-shaped nuclei and takes about 14-18 days.

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16
Q

Blood is made up of (4). Proteins make up what % of Plasma?

A

RBCs, WBCs, Platelets, Plasma

7%

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17
Q

How are leukocytes named?

A

Named by the staining affinities of cytoplasmic granules.

Eosin stains LARGE cytoplasmic granules of orange-red to pink. Basic dyes stains LARGE cytoplasmic granules deep blue. Neutral dyes stain FINE cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils a faint pink.

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18
Q

Combination of dyes stain cytoplasmic lysosomes of monocytes and lymphocytes what color?

A

Grayish blue.

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19
Q

list the relative frequency of leukocytes in decreasing order (5)

A

neutrophils (aka polymorphonuclear leukocytes or PMNs), lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils (≤ 1%).

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20
Q

The bilobed thymus anatomically resides where and when is it fully developed??

A

Deep to sternum and is fully developed before birth.

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21
Q

Until when are immunocompetent T-cells and where?

A

A significant portion of immunocompetent continues to be produced before puberty in the thymus.

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22
Q

When does maturation of T cells decrease and what occurs during this period to the profile of the thymus?

A

In adulthood by mid-twenties and then adipose tissue predominates in the adult thymus.

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23
Q

What protectively surrounds the thymus and how to it demarcate a lobe into lobules? Describe the characteristics of a lobule.

A

A protective capsule surrounds the bilobed thymus and extensions of the capsule subdivide the lobes into lobules. A lobule has an outer, dark-stained cortex and a central, pale-stained medulla.

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24
Q

What’s the difference of where the B and T lymphocyte mature?

A

lymphocytopoiesis generates mature B cells in the bone marrow but immature T cells circulate from the bone marrow to the thymic medulla.

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25
Q

What’s the role of epithelial reticular cells with T lymphocytes?

A

The ERCs form a loose intercommunicating network that supports the entire lymphoid parenchyma. ERCs are essential for T lymphocyte MATURATION.

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26
Q

How do the migrating immature T cells make it’s way to the thymic cortex where maturation occurs?

A

The immature cells traverse the endothelium of the thymic medullary capillaries and entire the cortex to mature- become immunocompetent.

27
Q

What accounts for the dark staining of the thymic cortex?

A

the vast population of maturing T cells accounts for the dark staining of the cortex.

28
Q

Why do recurrent opportunist infections characterize DiGeorge syndrome (aka thymic aplasia)?

A

DiGeorge syndrome is a congenital disorder involving the failure of thymus to properly develop. There is a faulty development of the 3rd&4th pharyngeal pouches in the early embryo. Thus we have selective T cell deficiency leading to recurrent opportunistic infections.

Note: defect is on Chr 22 due to recombination error at meiosis.

29
Q

Cortical capillaries of thymus are invested by what?

A

ERCs (Epithelial reticular cells)

30
Q

What forms the blood-thymus barrier that blocks the developing T cells from premature exposure to antigens (4)?

A

ERCs, tight junctions between cortical capillary endothelial cells, thick basement membranes, and macrophages

31
Q

How are immune reactions prevented in the thymus?

A

Circumvention of the barrier by nonself and/or self-antigens drives reactive T cells into apoptosis

32
Q

How do the mature (immunocompetent) T cells return into circulation from thymic cortex?

A

Blood-thymus barrier does not enclose the medullary capillaries; thus, mature T cells return to the medulla to enter the bloodstream.

33
Q

Why is the thymic medulla weakly stained?

A

the transitory presence of immature and mature T cells in the medulla causes the weak stain.

34
Q

What is a differentiating feature of thymus from other lymphoid organs?

A

The thymic (Hassal’s) corpuscles which are circumstantially surrounded by ERCs.

Note: Many of these ERCs are degenerating here.

35
Q

What contributes to the termination of immune responses outside of the thymus?

A

The viable ERCs of the thymic corpuscles produce cytokines that induce the development of regulatory T cells –> subclass of T cells involved in the termination.

36
Q

Generally speaking how is edema prevented? By what system and describe its location and function.

A

The lymph system. The lymph capillaries are pretty much anywhere along blood capillaries. The relatively POROUS lymph capilliaries absorb lymph (blood capillary filtrate) which prevents edema.

37
Q

General rule: where are lymphatic capillaries found and where does lymph get deposited?

A

lymphatic capillaries are particularly abundant in organ systems that open to the external environment (e.g. integument, the respiratory, urogenital, and digestive systems).

lymph in the lymphatic capillaries is transported by lymphatic vessels into the local lymph nodes.

38
Q

How is unidirectionality maintained in the lymphatic vessles?

A

Bicuspid valves. Lymph moves toward lymph nodes.

Note: the thin-walled lymphatic vessels reside among the elements of the microcirculation

39
Q

What are lymphangitis and lymphadenitis and why are these conditions potentially dangerous?

A

lymphangitis - secondary inflammation of lymphatic vessels
lymphadenitis - secondary inflammation of lymphatic nodes

Occurs when chemicals or bacteria are being transported in lymph system after injury or infection. The potential of uncontained infection can lead to septicemia (blood poisoning)

40
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

is a localized type of edema which occurs when lymph does not drain from an area of the body

41
Q

what two layers generically generate mucosa of respiratory tract?

A

the respiratory epithelium and underlying connective tissue

42
Q

What differentiates to make plasma cells and what’s characteristic of them being in the germinal centers within lymphoid nodules?

A

Some B cells.

Makes the germinal centers pale.

43
Q

About how many immunocompetent lymphocytes fill the 500-600 lymph nodes throughout the body?

A

Billions

44
Q

What creates lymph nodules in the lymph nodes??

A

The B cells selectively activated by the antigens in the incoming lymph replicate to make lymph nodules in the lymph nodes?

45
Q

List characterstics of physical defining lymph nodes (3).

A

lymph nodes are surrounded by a protective capsule and organized into a pale-stained central medulla and a dark-stained outer cortex.

Dark-stained cortex –> lymph nodules

46
Q

High endothelial venules (HEV) reside along which boundary of the lymph node?

A

Reside along the cortex-medullary boundary. The HEV are lined with SIMPLE CUBOIDAL endothelium.

47
Q

Outline the flow of blood in-out of lymph node.

A

Blood enters via medullary capillaries, cortical capillaries, HEV (High Endothelial Venules), exiting veins.

48
Q

How do B and T cells enter the lymph nodes?

A

B and T cells selectively bind to HEV venules, crossing the SIMPLE CUBOIDAL endothelium

49
Q

How is lymph delivered into the lymph node?

A

Lymph enters via the Afferent lymphatic vessels and enters directly into the SUBSCAPULAR sinus which then enters the CORTICAL SINUS

50
Q

What is the advantage of the lymph sinuses being lined discontinuously by endothelium?

A

macrophages and lymphocytes that reside adjacent to the porous sinuses readily filter antigens from the percolating lymph.

51
Q

Cortical sinuses are continous with medullary sinuses. The medullary sinuses have medullary cords -define.

A

Medullary cords are linear aggregates of antigen-activated lymphocytes and plasma cells that migrated from the cortical lymphoid nodules into the medulla

52
Q

Describe how filtered lymph fortified with activated lymphocytes and plasma cells to the lymphatic circulation..

A

Cells from the medullary cords enter the porous medullary sinuses to coalesce and form the single efferent lymphatic vessel.

53
Q

What conditions can cause lymphadenopathy?

A

Lymphadenopathy is the abnormal enlargement of lymph nodes which may be due to an increase of lymphocytes and macrophages in the node during an antigenic stimulation in a bacterial or viral infection.

Also may be caused my metastasis whereby neoplastic cells spread from local site and migrate via lymphatic system and deposit to nearest lymph node.

54
Q

How are lymphocytes and plasma cells, which were activated in local lymph nodes by incoming lymph from the MALT, able to exit the lymph nodes and relocate to the MALT? (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

MALT is a diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin.

A

HEVs have a unique morphology:
cuboidal endothelial cells, a prominent perivascular
sheath, and a thick basal lamina.

Movement of B and T cells across HEVs into lymph nodes and other sites is called HOMING. It is determined by specific cell adhesion molecules on lymphocyte surfaces;
the molecules bind to complementary cytokines (adhesion molecules) on endothelial cells. This pathway permits circulation of lymphocytes from blood to lymph nodes to lymph and then to other lymph nodes. HEVs are found in MALT.

55
Q

Define splenic pulp

A

The protective capsule of spleen and its inward projections encompass a fibrous network called splenic pulp.

56
Q

Detail the difference between red and white splenic pulp

A

Red- most of the splenic pulp is filled with erythrocytes

White- scattered lymphoid nodules in the splenic pulp are collectively designated white pulp

57
Q

Describe how blood flows directly into the red splenic pulp starting from the splenic artery.

A

The splenic artery terminates as open ended capillaries of the red pulp which blood flows through and enters directly into the red pulp

58
Q

Describe how the RBCs is filtered back into circulation.

A

the extravasated (the blood cells that moved from the capillaries to the red pulp tissue) blood cells squeeze through slit-like spaces between endothelial cells of the venous sinusoids that interweave throughout the red pulp.

Note: This occurs except for aged RBCs that lose their pliability,

59
Q

How are aged RBCs removed from circulation?

A

The aged RBCs lose their pliability and are thus sequestered in the splenic red pulp. The aged RBCs are removed by phagocytic macrophages, which normally reside in the red pulp.

60
Q

What happens to the blood borne antigens that enter the red pulp (2)?

A

They are either phagocytized by the macrophages or selectively bound by resident lymphocytes.

61
Q

How are the lymphoid nodules of the splenic white pulp formed?

A

the lymphoid nodules of the white pulp are formed by proliferation of antigen-activated B cells.

62
Q

Where do the network of venous sinusoids in the red splenic pulp drain into?

A

the network of venous sinusoids in the red pulp drains into small tributaries of the splenic vein.

63
Q

How do the clinical consequences of splenectomy in children differ from those in adults?

A

Splenectomy in adults usually has no clinical

consequence, but in children it leads to increased occurrence and severity of infections.

Gross Anatomy (3 decks)

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