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Renal Anatomy > Gross Anatomy of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

components of the Urinary System

A
  1. paired kidneys
  2. ureter for each kidney
  3. urinary bladder
  4. urethra
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2
Q

main functions of urinary system

A
  1. kidneys filter blood to keep it pure
  2. dispose of nitrogenous wastes from blood
  3. regulate the balance of water and electrolytes, acids and bases
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3
Q

What substances do kidneys filter out of the blood?

A

toxins
metabolic wastes
excess water
excess ions

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4
Q

nitrogenous wastes disposed from the blood

A

urea
uric acid
creatinine

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5
Q

position of the kidneys

A

retroperitoneal

T12 - L3

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6
Q

margins of the kidneys

A 
lateral = convex 
medial = concave
medial = hilum cleft
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7
Q

what is the hilus?

A

where vessels, ureters and nerves enter and leave

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8
Q

what lies superior to the kidneys

A

adrenal glands

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9
Q

describe the difference between the left and right kidneys?

A

the right is lower and slightly shorter than the left

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10
Q

measurement of kidney

A

10 x 5 x 2.5

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11
Q

anterior relations of right kidney

A 
liver 
hepatorenal recess
duodenum 
right colic flexure 
ascending colon
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12
Q

anterior relations of left kidney

A 
stomach 
spleen 
pancreas 
left colic flexure 
jejunum
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13
Q

posterior relations of kidneys

A

subcostal, iliohypogastric + ilioinguinal nerves

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14
Q

superior relations of kidney

A
  1. diaphragm

2. T12

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15
Q

posterior inferior relations to kidneys

A

quadratus lumborum

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16
Q

posterior medial relations of the kidney

A

psoas major

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17
Q

posterior lateral relations of kidney

A

transversus abdominis

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18
Q

kidneys are derived from?

A

intermediate mesoderm - urogenital ridge

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19
Q

consequence of renal and reproductive systems being derived from the same mesoderm?

A

The kidney may never migrate during development & remains in the pelvis

  • Look in the pelvis if there is a missing kidney
  • Do not remove any pelvic tumours until you know they are not pelvic kidneys
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20
Q

what are the internal structures of the kidney?

A 
cortex 
medulla
pyramids
papillae 
columns 
calyces
pelvis
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21
Q

what are the 2 regions of the kidney?

A

cortex and medulla

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22
Q

describe the cortex?

A

outer region of kidney

- columns of cortex divide medulla into “pyramids”

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23
Q

describe the medulla?

A
  1. inner region of the kidney
  2. darker, cone-shaped medullary or renal pyramids
  3. parallel bundles of urine-collecting tubules
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24
Q

what are the lobes of the kidney?

A

renal pyramid + cortical tissue surrounding it

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25
Q

describe the renal pelvis?

A
  • expanded, funnel shaped, superior part of ureter

- formed from major calices

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26
Q

function minor calices

A

collect urine from papillae of pyramids and send it to major calices

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27
Q

what structures surround the kidney?

A

renal fascia
adipose capsule
renal capsule

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28
Q

describe renal fascia?

A
  1. outermost layer - most external membrane

2. anchors kidney to peritoneum & abdominal wall

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29
Q

describe adipose capsule?

A
  1. second layer - contains perirenal fat

2. cushions kidney

30
Q

describe the renal capsule?

A
  1. inner most layer - dense connective tissue

2. protects kidney from trauma & infection

31
Q

describe the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?

A

aortic (lumbar) lymph node

32
Q

describe the nerve supply of the kidneys?

A

renal plexus

33
Q

describe the arterial supply of the kidneys?

A

aorta > right + left renal arteries > segmental arteries > lobar arteries > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > cortical radiate arteries > glomerular afferent arterioles > glomerulus capillaries

34
Q

describe the venous drainage?

A

glomerulus capillaries > efferent arteriole > peritubular capillaries and vasa recta > interlobular vein > arcuate vein > interlobar vein > renal vein > inferior vena cava

35
Q

how is the vasculature of the kidney different?

A
  1. arterioles going both to it and away from it (afferent and efferent), instead of a vein going away as most
  2. two capillary beds in series (one following the other)
36
Q

clinical correlations of the left renal vein?

A

the longer left renal vein crosses midline anterior to abdominal aorta and posterior to superior mesenteric artery therefore it can be compressed by an aneurysm in either of these tissues

37
Q

importance of afferent and efferent arterioles associated with glomerular capillaries?

A

allows high pressure for forcing filtrate out of blood

38
Q

function of peritubular capillaries?

A

absorb solutes and water from tubule cells

39
Q

what is the vasa recta?

A

is a portion of the peritubular capillary system which enters the medulla where the solute concentration in the interstitium is high

40
Q

function of vasa recta + loop of Henle?

A

concentrate the urine

41
Q

arterial supply of the ureter

A
  1. branches of internal & external iliac arteries

2. renal, testicular or ovarian arteries

42
Q

venous drainage of the ureter

A
  1. tributaries of internal & external iliac vein

2. testicular or ovarian veins

43
Q

lymph drainage of ureter

A

internal iliac + external iliac lymph nodes

44
Q

nerve supply of ureter

A

renal plexus supplied by thoracic splanchnic nerves

45
Q

3 constrictions along their course of the ureter where stones or calculi are likely to lodge

A
  1. ureteropelvic junction - just inferior to the kidney
  2. where the ureters cross the common iliac vessels at the pelvic brim
  3. uterovesicle junction - where the ureters enter the wall of the bladder (narrowest of all)
46
Q

pain from urinary tract stones radiate how?

A

from the infra-scapular region into the groin and even into the scrotum or labia majora

47
Q

what is the urinary bladder?

A

collapsible muscular sac that stores and expels urine

48
Q

describe the position of the urinary bladder?

A

Lies on pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis

49
Q

describe the relations of the urinary bladder in both genders?

A
  1. males - anterior to rectum

2. females - anterior to vagina and rectum

50
Q

3 layers of the bladder

A
  1. outer layer - loose connective tissue
  2. middle layer - smooth muscle + elastic fibres
  3. inner layer - transitional epithelium
51
Q

what are the 3 openings of the bladder

A

2 ureters + urethra = trigone

52
Q

4 histological layers of urinary bladder

A
  1. mucosa with rugae + lamina propria
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis - detrusor muscle
  4. fibrous adventitia
53
Q

describe the muscularis of the bladder

A

detrusor muscle

  • 3 layers of highly intermingled smooth muscle
  • squeezes urine out
54
Q

describe the bladder when it is full?

A

bladder is spherical and extends into abdominal cavity (holds about 500 ml or 1 pt)

55
Q

describe the bladder when its empty?

A

bladder lies entirely within pelvis with shape like upside-down pyramid

56
Q

what is the trigone?

A

inside area between ureters and urethra - prone to infection

57
Q

why is the trigone prone to infection?

A

urine stays there the longest

58
Q

relations of the ureter

A

runs medial to and parallel with the internal iliac artery

59
Q

which structure crosses over the ureter

A

uterine artery

water under the bridge

60
Q

layers of the urethra

A

smooth muscle + inner mucosa

- epithelium changes from transitional through stages to stratified squamous near end

61
Q

functions of urethra?

A

drains urine out of the bladder and body

62
Q

length of urethra in males and females

A
  1. male - about 20 cm (8”) long

2. female - 3-4 cm (1.5”) long

63
Q

consequence of a short urethra in females

A

short length is why females have more urinary tract infections than males - ascending bacteria from stool contamination

64
Q

what is the internal urethral sphincter?

A

involuntary sphincter of smooth muscle

65
Q

what is the external urethral sphincter?

A

skeletal muscle inhibits urination voluntarily until proper time
- levator anni muscle also helps voluntary constriction

66
Q

3 regions of the male urethra

A
  1. prostatic urethra
  2. membranous urethra
  3. spongy/penile urethra
67
Q

structure of female urethra

A
  1. external urethral orifice - between vaginal orifice and clitoris
  2. internal urethral sphincter - detrusor muscle thickened, smooth muscle + involuntary control
  3. external urethral sphincter - skeletal muscle + voluntary control
68
Q

what is micturition?

A

voiding
urinating
emptying the bladder

69
Q

what is the micturition center of the brain?

70
Q

how do higher centres influence micturition?

A
  1. parasympathetic - to void

2. sympathetic - inhibits micturition

Renal Anatomy (4 decks)

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