Gross anatomy of the brain part 1 Flashcards
CNS is comprised of ___ and ___.
brain and spinal cord
PNS is comprised of what 2 things
nerves-axon bundles
ganglia-neuron cell body aggregates
what is ROSTRAL?
toward the front of the head
what is CEPHALIC?
Toward the head, can interchange with superior
What is CAUDAL?
toward the tail, can interchange with inferior
What is CONTRALATERAL?
Opposite sides (L ARM AND R WRIST)
What is IPSILATERAL?
Same side (R elbow and R wrist)
CNS forms from what embryonic tissue?
ECTODERM
what else is derived from the ectoderm, along with the CNS?
skin
When does CNS develop?
first 3 weeks after contraception
what are the first two things to develop in utero?
CNS and cardiovascular systems
1st week of CNS development
neural plate
2nd week of CNS development
invaginate to form the neural groove
3rd week of CNS development
neural groove closes and forms neural tube
neural tube is precursor to
whole Central Nervous System
what does neural tube become after development
neural canal in spinal cord
splitting off from neural tube in week 3 is what?
neural crest cells
neural crest cells are precursor to
dorsal root ganglion
notochord is precursor to
nucleus pulposus
cephalic end of neural tube has dilations, name the three starting at the most cephalic end
- forebrain (prosencephalon)
- midbrain (mesencephalon)
- hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
what are the precursors to the brain?
primary brain vesicles:
- forebrain (prosencephalon)
- midbrain (mesenceohalon)
- hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
secondary brain vesicles are derived from ____.
primary brain vesicles
secondary brain vesicles of the prosencephalon (forebrain)
telencephalon
diencephalon
secondary brain vesicles of the hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
metencephalon
myelencephalon
midbrain’s (mesencephalon) secondary vesicle is called
mesencephalon
telencephalon becomes the ____.
cerebral cortex
diencephalon becomes the ___.
thalamus and hypothalamus
mesencephalon becomes the ___.
midbrain (stays midbrain)
metencephalon becomes the ___.
cerebellum and pons
referred to as the little brain
cerebellum
myelencephalon becomes the ___.
medulla (medulla oblongata)
structures on the brain stem
midbrain
pons
medulla
dividing point between brainstem and spinal cord
foramen magnum
above foramen magnum
brainstem
below foramen magnum
spinal cord
what overlies brainstem posteriorly?
cerebellum
bulging part of brainstem
pons
what controls our breathing and cardiovascular reflexes?
brainstem
people have to go on artificial breathing (ventilator) if there is a compromise to this
brainstem
covering over dorsal brainstem
tectum
2 superior colliculi and 2 inferior colliculi make up ____.
corpora quadrigeminae
tectum has four “bumps”, what are they?
2 superior colliculi and 2 inferior colliculi
structure associated with startle reflex
inferior colliculi
superior colliculi is associated with what reflexes?
vision and vision responses (orientation to visual responses)
what carries information between the brainstem and cerebellum?
peduncles
3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles
superior, middle, inferior
peduncles are a collection of _____.
axons
dorsal columns of the medulla carry tactile information to brain, what 4 senses things are associated with it?
stereognosis
2 point discrimination
kinesthesia
vibration
ability to hold something in hand and be able to tell shape without looking at it
stereognosis
ability to tell the difference between 2 points close together on body
2 point discrimination
ability to know where limbs are in space without looking at them
kinesthesia
on medulla, the lines on bottom of the brainstem are called the ____.
dorsal columns
dorsal columns associated with lower extremity and lower limbs
medial dorsal columns
dorsal columns associated with upper extremity and upper limbs
lateral dorsal columns
on right side of brain, peduncles aren’t visible because what structure is covering it?
CEREBELLUM
4th ventricle overlies the ___ and ___.
pons and medulla
what is contained in the ventricles?
CSF
4th ventricle cavity/depression is referred to as ___.
rhomboid fossa
upper portion of rhomboid fossa overlies who structure?
pons
lower portion of rhomboid fossa overlies who structure?
dorsal aspect of medulla
clusters of axon on lateral side of midbrain is called ___,
cerebral peduncles
what fibers do the cerebral peduncles carry?
fibers of the pyramidal motor system (voluntary motor)
pyramidal motor system starts in the ___.
cerebral cortex
