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Gross Anatomy > Gross Anatomy - Exam 4 > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy - Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of the GI system

A

Foregut, midgut, hindgut

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2
Q

Plane at T9 vertebral level

A

Xiphisternal plane

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3
Q

Plane at L1 vertebral level

A

Transpyloric plane

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4
Q

Plane at L3 vertebral level

A

Subcostal plane

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5
Q

Plane at L4 vertebral level

A

Supracristal plane

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6
Q

Plane at L5 vertebral level

A

Transtubercular plane

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7
Q

Plane at S2 vertebral level

A

Interspinous plane

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8
Q

Where is the suprapubic plane located?

A

No vertebral level. Located below S3

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9
Q

Where does the terminal portion of the esophagus enter the abdomen and stomach?

A

Abdomen at T10. Stomach at T11.

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10
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

Tip of 8th costal cartilage at T11

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11
Q

Where is the pylorus located?

A

½ inch from midline at transpyloric plane (L1)

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12
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A

(4) Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part

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13
Q

What is the name of the fold located in the stomach?

A

Gastric rugae

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14
Q

What are the curvatures of the stomach?

A

Greater curvature and lesser curvature

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15
Q

Intraperitoneal vs. retroperitoneal

A

Intraperitoneal – structures within the peritoneum, mobile
Retroperitoneal – structures outside the peritoneum, fixed location

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16
Q

What are the four parts of the duodenum and location?

A

1st part – anterior to posterior at L1
2nd part – fixed against body wall at L2
3rd part – fixed against body wall at L3
4th part – fixed against body wall at L2

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17
Q

Which part(s) of the duodenum are intraperitoneal? Which are retroperitoneal?

A

1st part – intra
2nd, 3rd, and 4th – retro

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18
Q

What are the folds within the small and large intestine called?

A

Plica circulares

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19
Q

What are the projections located within the duodenum and where do they drain?

A

Minor duodenal papilla – insignificant amount of pancreas
Major duodenal papilla – liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Cystic Duct + Common Hepatic Duct = Common Bile Duct
Common Bile Duct + Main Pancreatic Duct = Major Duodenal papilla

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20
Q

How can you tell the difference between jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum – prominent plica circulares
Ileum – few/flattened plica circulares

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21
Q

Are the jejunum and ileum intra or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

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22
Q

Location of jejunum and ileum

A

Jejunum starts left of L2
Descends diagonal along root of mesentery to L5
Ends at ileocolic junction L5

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23
Q

How long is the jejunum? The ileum?

A

Jejunum – 7-8 feet
Ileum – 6-12 feet

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24
Q

Four characteristic features of large intestine

A

Taeniae coli
Haustra (segmental appearance)
Epiploic appendices
Plica semilunaris

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25
Q

What forms the appendix?

A

3 teniae coli coming together

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26
Q

Cecum and appendix location

A

Begins at transtubercular plane (L5)
Lies at interspinous plane (S2)

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27
Q

Ascending colon location

A

Extends from cecum to transpyloric plane (L1)

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28
Q

Transverse colon location

A

Begins right colic flexure (transpyloric plane L1)
Ends at left colic flexure T12

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29
Q

Descending colon location

A

Extends from T12 to transtubercular plane L5

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30
Q

Sigmoid colon location

A

Begins at transtubercular plane L5
Ends midline below interspinous plane S2

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31
Q

Order of pathway thru large intestine

A

Cecum/appendix > ascending colon > transverse colon > descending colon > sigmoid colon > rectum

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32
Q

What are the changes in direction in the large intestine?

A

Right colic/hepatic flexure
Left colic/splenic flexure

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33
Q

Determine whether each portion of the large intestine is intra or retroperitoneal

A

Cecum – intra
Ascending colon – retro
Transverse colon – intra
Descending – retro
Sigmoid colon – intra
Rectum – retro

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34
Q

What are the fat droplets on the intestine called?

A

Omental/epiploic appendices

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35
Q

Where is teniae coli NOT present in the large intestine?

A

Rectum

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36
Q

Location of upper and lower borders of the liver

A

Upper – T9
Lower – L3 on right, T9 on left

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37
Q

Four anatomical lobes of liver

A

Right, left, quadrate, caudate

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38
Q

What structures are found in the liver?

A
  1. Ligamentum venosum
  2. Ligamentum teres hepatis (aka round ligament)
  3. Porta hepatis (hepatic portal vein, proper hepatic artery, common hepatic duct)
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39
Q

Functions of liver

A

Synthesize plasma proteins
Production of bile
Detoxification
Glycogen storage
Production of hormones

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40
Q

What separates right and left lobes of liver?

A

IVC

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41
Q

What separates left and caudate lobes of liver?

A

Ligamentum venosum

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42
Q

What separates left and quadrate lobes of liver?

A

Ligamentum teres hepatitis/round ligament

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43
Q

What is in the portal triad? Where does it enter?

A

Portal triad: hepatic portal vein, proper hepatic artery, common hepatic duct
Enters liver at porta hepatis

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44
Q

Ligamentum venosum developmental origin

A

Ductus venosus

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45
Q

Ligamentum teres hepatis developmental origin

A

Umbilical vein

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46
Q

Name and location of the 4 parts of the pancreas

A

Head of pancreas – L2 (in ‘C’ of duodenum)
Neck, body, and tail – L2, L1, T12 (ends in spleen hilium)

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47
Q

Determine whether each part of pancreas is intra or retroperitoneal

A

Head, neck, and body – retro
Tail – intra

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48
Q

Which parts of the pancreas are considered “ventral pancreas”? Which parts are “dorsal pancreas”?

A

Head and neck – ventral
Body and tail – dorsal

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49
Q

What structures enter the pancreas connecting with major or minor duodenal papilla?

A

Main pancreatic duct (MOSTLY) to major duodenal papilla
Minor pancreatic duct to minor duodenal papilla

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50
Q

Gallbladder location

A

Tip of 9th costal cartilage on right at transpyloric plane (L1)

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51
Q

What drains the gallbladder?

A

Cystic duct into common bile duct

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52
Q

What are the arterial vasculatures and location?

A
  1. Celiac axis – T12
  2. Superior mesenteric – L1
  3. Renal (paired) – L2
  4. Gonadal (paired) – L2/L3
  5. Inferior mesenteric – L3
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53
Q

Branches of celiac artery

A

(3) Left gastric, common hepatic, splenic

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54
Q

Branches off common hepatic artery

A

(2) Proper hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries

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55
Q

Branches off proper hepatic arteries

A

(3) Right gastric, left hepatic, and right hepatic

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56
Q

Branch off right hepatic artery

A

Cystic artery

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57
Q

Branches off gastroduodenal artery

A

(4) Supraduodenal, right gastroepiploic, and anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal

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58
Q

Branches off splenic artery

A

(3) Pancreatic, short gastric, left gastroepiploic

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59
Q

Structure that surrounds greater curvature of the stomach

A

Greater omentum

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60
Q

What arterials anastomose at the greater curvature? What about the lesser curvature?

A

Greater: right and left gastroepiploic arteries
Lesser: right and left gastric arteries

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61
Q

What are the branches off the superior mesenteric artery?

A
  1. Anterior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal
  2. Jejunal mesenteric
  3. Ileal mesenteric
  4. Ileocolic
  5. Right colic
  6. Middle colic
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62
Q

How to tell between the jejunum and ileum based on vasa recta and arcades

A

Jejunum: vasa recta are long and spread; arcades are large and fewer in number
Ileum: vasa recta are short and compact; arcades are small and layered

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63
Q

What are arcades?

A

Anastomotic loops located in small intestine

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64
Q

What are the branches off inferior mesenteric artery

A

(3) Left colic, sigmoid, and superior rectal arteries

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65
Q

Tributaries of portal vein

A

(2) Superior mesenteric and splenic veins

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66
Q

What are the portacaval anastomoses?

A

Esophageal veins, rectal veins, para-umbilical veins, and retroperitoneal veins (colic and splenic veins with body wall veins)

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67
Q

What are issues with using the anastomoses paths? Which vein is most life threatening if it breaks?

A

Blood is not clean and overworks these veins
Varacies: stretching or enlargement of vein
Esophageal vein is most life threatening

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68
Q

What germ layers are responsible for GI system

A

Mesoderm and endoderm

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69
Q

The GI is a hollow tube extending from ___ to the ___.

A

Buccopharyngeal membrane (future mouth); cloacal membrane (future anus)

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70
Q

Name of membranes resulting in future mouth and anus

A

Mouth: buccopharyngeal membrane (breaks down at 3rd week of development)
Anus: cloacal membrane (breaks down at 7th week of development)

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71
Q

Germ layer of epithelial lining of organs? Muscular walls and serous coats?

A

Endoderm – epithelial lining
Mesoderm – muscular walls and serous coats

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72
Q

What is the name of the cavity where the GI develops? What does it turn into?

A

Cavity: intraembryonic coelom
Future: peritoneal cavity

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73
Q

What are the subdivisions of the developmental digestive system?

A

Foregut, midgut, and hindgut

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74
Q

What is the arterial supply of the foregut?

A

ALL celiac artery
Esophagus (overlaps): celiac and esophageal arteries
Pancreas (overlaps): celiac and superior mesenteric arteries
(Duodenum parts 1 and 2)
Spleen is not a GI organ but also celiac artery

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75
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the foregut?

A

Vagus/Cranial n. X

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76
Q

What is the arterial supply of the midgut?

A

ALL superior mesenteric
(Duodenum parts 3 and 4)

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77
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the midgut?

A

Vagus/Cranial n. X

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78
Q

What is the arterial supply of the hindgut?

A

ALL inferior mesenteric

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79
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut?

A

S2, S3, S4 aka. Pelvic splanchnics

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80
Q

What structures are part of the foregut?

A

(7) Esophagus, stomach, duodenum parts 1 and 2, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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81
Q

What structures are part of the midgut?

A

(8) Duodenum parts 3 and 4, jejunum, ileum, appendix, cecum, ascending colon, and transverse colon

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82
Q

What structures are part of the hindgut?

A

Descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

83
Q

Explain development of stomach

A

First visible at 4th week of development
Suspended from dorsal wall by DORSAL MESOGASTRIUM
Rotates 90 degrees clockwise, trapping part of right side of INTRAEMBRYONIC COELOM posterior to stomach/omental bursa

84
Q

Explain development of duodenum part 1 and 2

A

Gets C shape when stomach rotates

85
Q

What occurs at the 6th, 9th, and 12th week of development in the liver?

A

6 – hematopoiesis occurs
9 – liver reaches max proportional size
12 – bile formation begins

86
Q

What does the liver develop from?

A

From hepatic bud as an outgrowth of 2nd part of duodenum

87
Q

What does the gallbladder develop from

A

As an outgrowth from the hepatic bud

88
Q

Where does the pancreas develop from?

A

Ventral bud – outgrowth of hepatic bud -> HEAD AND NECK
Dorsal bud – outgrowth of 2nd part of duodenum -> BODY AND TAIL

** think on all fours like dog

89
Q

What becomes a source of major drainage of the adult pancreas?

A

Duct of ventral bud

90
Q

Explain development of midgut

A

Elongates along an axis around superior mesenteric artery via VITEILLOINTESTINAL DUCT
Rotates 270 degrees

91
Q

Explain development of hindgut

A

Supplied by inferior mesenteric artery
Cloacal membrane separates and breaks open

92
Q

What forms the bony pelvis?

A

(3) Ilium, ishium, and pubis

93
Q

What is the “wing” of the pelvis?

A

Ala

94
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the anterolateral wall?

A
  1. Iliac crest – most superior aspect
  2. Iliac tubercle – bony, widest part of ala
  3. ASIS – most anterior component of pelvis
  4. Pubic tubercle – most inferior component
95
Q

Why is the pelvis tilted?

A

Tilted forward because we walk upright and mimics locomotion

96
Q

Who has a smaller inlet? Wider? (M/F)

A

Male has smaller (90 degrees or less)
Female has wider for ample room to deliver (100 degrees or more)

97
Q

What structures are formed by the fusion of aponeuroses on the lateral wall muscle?

A

Linea alba, linea semilunaris, inguinal ligament, and tendinous intersections

98
Q

What are the abdominopelvic regions?

A

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac
Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
Right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

99
Q

What are the abdominopelvic quadrants

A

Right upper, left upper
Right lower, left lower

100
Q

What are the fascia of the abdominal wall?

A

Camper’s fascia (fatty, more membranous layer)
Scarpa’s fascia (membranous)

101
Q

What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A
  1. External oblique
  2. Internal oblique
  3. Transversus abdominus
  4. Rectus abdominus
102
Q

Function of abdominal muscles

A

Assist in respiration
Increase thoracic/abdominal pressure
Keep abdominal contents in place
Maintain posture
Flexion of trunk

103
Q

What is the Valsalva maneuver?

A

Forced expiration against a closed glottis
Affects venous return, CO, arterial pressure, HR
Used to correct abnormal heart rhythms (supraventricular tachycardia and stimulate vagus n.)

104
Q

What is defecation syncope

A

Elevate arterial pressure, bradycardia, decrease BP, decrease blood to brain (leads to cardiac event/failure)

105
Q

External oblique origin and insertion

A

O: ribs 5-12
I: anterior ½ of iliac crest, linea alba, and pubic crest and tubercle

106
Q

External oblique innervation

A

T7-T12 and L1

107
Q

External oblique function

A

Flexion of trunk
Lateral flexion
Rotation of vertebral column (opposite/contralateral side)

108
Q

Internal oblique origin and insertion

A

O: thoracolumbar fascia, ant 2/3 of iliac crest, and lat 2/3 of inguinal ligament
I: ribs 10-12, linea alba, and pubis (conjoint tendon)

109
Q

Internal oblique innervation

A

T7-T12 and L1

110
Q

Internal oblique function

A

Lateral flexion
Rotation (same/ipsilateral side)

111
Q

Transversus abdominis origin and insertion

A

O: thoracolumbar fascia, Ant 2/3, Lat 1/3 of inguinal ligament, and lower 6 costal cartilages
I: linea alba and pubic crest (conjoint tendon)

112
Q

Transversus abdominus innervation

A

T7-T12 and L1

113
Q

Transversus abdominus function

A

Compress abdominal contents

114
Q

Rectus abdominus origin and insertion

A

O: pubic symphysis
I: xiphoid process and costal cartilages 5-7

115
Q

Rectus abdominus innervation

A

T7-T12

116
Q

Rectus abdominus function

A

Flexion of trunk

117
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeurosis of 3 flat muscles (external, abdominal, and oblique muscle)

118
Q

Landmarks of rectus sheath

A

Linea alba (xiphoid to pubic symphysis)
Linea semilunaris (subcostal margin to inguinal ligament)
Arcuate line (1/3 distance from umbilicus to pubic crest)

119
Q

What structures are above the arcuate line

A

Anterior rectus sheath (external oblique and ½ internal oblique)
Posterior rectus sheath (1/2 internal oblique and transversus abdominus)

120
Q

What structures are below arcuate line?

A

Anterior rectus sheath (external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus)
NO POSTERIOR RECTUS SHEATH only transversalis fascia

121
Q

What arteries come off aorta in anterior abdominal wall?

A

10th and 11th posterior intercostal arteries
Subcostal artery

122
Q

What arteries come off internal thoracic artery in anterior abdominal wall?

A

Superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries

123
Q

What artery comes off external iliac artery in anterior abdominal wall?

A

Inferior (deep) epigastric artery

124
Q

What artery comes off femoral artery?

A

Superficial epigastric (runs thru superficial tissues/fascia)

125
Q

What are the nerves of the anterior wall?

A

Thoracoabdominal (T7-11)
Subcostal (T12)
Iliohypogastric (L1)
Ilioinguinal (L1)

126
Q

Where do the T7-T12 nerves lie?

A

Between internal oblique and transversus abdominis and penetrates rectus

127
Q

Sensory distribution of anterolateral wall generalizations

A

T7-9 - above the umbilicus
T10 – umbilicus
T11, T12, L1 – below umbilicus

128
Q

Where do the testes develop, pass thru, and enter?

A

Develop: lumbar area attached to gubernaculum on inf. Pole
Pass: thru inguinal canal and pick up muscle/fascial layers from ant. Wall
Enter: scrotum

129
Q

What structures are derived from external oblique?

A

Inguinal ligament (ASIS to pubic tubercle)
Superficial ring

130
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

Passageway thru abdominal wall to scrotum for testes and spermatic cord

131
Q

What is a hernia?

A

Protrusion of parietal peritoneum and/or viscera thru opening from cavity which they belong

132
Q

What are the types of hernias?

A

femoral, direct, indirect

133
Q

Describe femoral hernia

A

Most common in females at femoral triangle/canal

134
Q

Describe direct hernia

A

Most common over 50 years old, bulges at superficial ring, and medial to inferior epigastric a.

135
Q

Describe indirect hernia

A

Congenital, most common under 50 yo, begins at deep inguinal ring, lateral to inferior epigastric a.

136
Q

What is Hesselbach’s Triangle?

A

Site of direct hernia
Borders: inguinal ligament, inferior epigastric artery, lateral border of rectus abdominis

137
Q

What are the visceromotor targets?

A

(3) Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

138
Q

Function of parasympathetics in abdomen

A

Stimulates peristalsis

139
Q

Where do parasympathetic fibers originate?

A

CN X and pelvic splanchnic S2-4

140
Q

Function of sympathetics in abdomen

A

Decrease blood flow in viscera/inhibit digestion

141
Q

Where are the sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies for GI located?

A

Cell body #1 – IML T1-L2

142
Q

Where are the sympathetic cell bodies for upper GI to diaphragm?

A

IML T1-6

143
Q

Where are sympathetic cell bodies for GI to rectosigmoid junction?

A

T7-11

144
Q

Where are the sympathetic cell bodies for rectum/anal canal?

A

T12-L2

145
Q

Where does the sympathetic chain run?

A

Chain ganglia runs from base of skull to coccyx

146
Q

What are the splanchnic nerves of the abdomen?

A
  1. Greater T5-9
  2. Lesser T10-11
  3. Least T12
  4. Lumbar L1-4
147
Q

Where does the anterior vagal trunk come from? What does it innervate/supply?

A

From CN X
Comes from left vagus and becomes anterior vagal trunk when is passes thru esophageal hiatus
Supplies anterior surface of stomach and sends branch to liver

148
Q

Where does the posterior vagal trunk come from? What does it innervate/supply?

A

From CN X
Come from right vagus nerve
Supplies posterior stomach and sends branch to celiac plexus

149
Q

What are the pelvic splanchnics? Where do they come from? What does it innervate/supply?

A

Parasympathetics to hindgut
Cell body in IML L1/L2
Supplies descending and sigmoid colon rectum
Exit as preganglionic

150
Q

What do pelvic splanchnics travel with?

A

Spinal nerves S2-S4

151
Q

What are the sympathetic ganglia of the abdomen? What fibers synapse here?

A

Celiac ganglion – greater splanchnics (T5-9)
Superior mesenteric ganglion – lesser splanchnics (T10-11)
Aorticorenal ganglia (paired) – least splanchnics (T12)
Inferior mesenteric ganglion – lumbar splanchnics (L1-4)

152
Q

What are the autonomic plexi?

A

(5) Celiac, superior mesenteric, renal, inferior mesenteric, hypogastric (pelvis)

153
Q

What do thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves contain?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Synapse on prevertebral ganglia in abdomen – contribute to plexi
The postganglionic sympathetic fibers innervate targets

154
Q

How do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from CN X and pelvic splanchnics travel?

A

Thru plexi or directly to viscera
DO NOT synapse in plexus
Fibers travel to viscera of wall where ganglia is present to synapse
Postganglionic fibers project to targets

155
Q

What do the autonomic plexi of gut consist of?

A

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

156
Q

Visceral vs. Parietal Pain

A

Visceral pain: general visceral afferent (GVA)
Parietal pain: general somatic afferent (GSA)

157
Q

What type of neuron for GVA and GSA?

A

Pseudo unipolar, sensory neuron

158
Q

Describe GVA fibers/viscerosensory

A

Nociceptors (noxious stimuli)
Cell body in DRG
Sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation
Insensitive to cutting or burning sensations

159
Q

How do GVA fibers interact with ANS?

A

It is NOT part of but distribute WITH ANS
Sympathetics run w/ splanchnics (greater, lesser, least, lumbar)
Parasympathetics run w/ S2-4, CN X

160
Q

What is visceral pain and examples?

A

Vague, poorly localized pain
E.g. intestinal obstruction, cholecystitis, and early appendicitis

161
Q

Describe GSA fibers

A

Cell bodies in DRG
Info includes pain, touch, temp
Nociceptors (noxious stimuli)

162
Q

GSA fibers follow what?

A

Somatic innervation
Carried in all spinal nerves except C1

163
Q

What is parietal pain and example?

A

Sharp, well localized pain, pt can tell you where it hurts
E.g., acute appendicitis

164
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain perceived to be in unrelated area
Sensory picked up by viscera
Transmitted by ANS fibers/nerves
Perceived as originating from somatic structure but in reality, it is from visceral fibers

165
Q

Ascending sensory pathway

A

Nociceptor in viscera > afferent fibers relay sensory info in splanchnics > enter sympathetic trunk > join spinal nerve via white rami > ascend to cortex (post central gyrus) to interpret pain

166
Q

What is Convergence Ho?

A

Collaterals from visceral afferents synapse on somatosensory cell bodies
Pain interpreted as coming from “somites” (e.g., skin/muscle)

167
Q

What is an angina?

A

Pain from heart disease
Pain/squeezing/pressure behind sternum
Usually radiates down left arm but sometimes in neck, jaw, TMJ

168
Q

Angina pathway for referred pain

A
  1. Afferent fiber from heart enters sympathetic chain thru thoracic cardiac n. or cervical cardiac n.
  2. Same segments receive GSA input from dermatomes of chest and arm
  3. Post cells GSA can be activated by collateral GVA fibers from heart
  4. Cortex interprets pain as if its from chest even if its from heart
169
Q

What are the three regions of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Above 12th rib, below 12th rib and iliac crest, and below iliac crest

170
Q

What are the two sides of the posterior abdominal wall

A

Divided by aorta and IVC

171
Q

What are the contents of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Kidneys and ureters, suprarenals (adrenal glands), spleen, and BVs and nerves

172
Q

What forms the iliopsoas?

A

Psoas major and iliacus

173
Q

Function of psoas major

A

Flexion of femur

174
Q

Function of iliacus

A

Flexion of femur

175
Q

Function of quadratus lumborum

A

Lateral flexion of vertebral column

176
Q

Function of psoas minor

A

Not always present, but (weak) flexion of lumbar vertebral column

177
Q

Where are hernia of Morgagni and Bochdalek located? Which is more life threatening?

A

Hernia of Morgagni: anterior and retrosternal
Hernia of Bochdalek: posterolateral, most life threatening

178
Q

Surface anatomy and location of spleen

A

Upper pole – T10
Hilum - T12
Lower pole – T12
Location: parallels 10th rib

179
Q

What organs do the spleen contact?

A

(4) Stomach, pancreas, kidney, and large intestine

180
Q

Can you palpate for spleen?

A

Normally not! Unless enlarged 3-5x normal
Splenomegaly – enlargement of spleen (e.g., due to mono)

181
Q

Surface anatomy of kidney and distance from midline

A

Upper pole – T12, 1 inch
Hilum – L1, 1.5 inches
Lower pole – L3, 3 inches

182
Q

Which is higher: left or right kidney

A

Left kidney is usually ½ inch higher bc liver is above right

183
Q

Are kidneys intra or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

184
Q

Surface anatomy of ureter

A

Begins at hilum of kidney @ L1
Travels 1.5 inch from midline until it reaches bladder

185
Q

What are the unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal wall?

A

(3) Celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries

186
Q

What are the paired visceral branches of the abdominal wall?

A

Renal, gonadal, and suprarenal arteries

187
Q

What are the suprarenal arteries? What do they come off of?

A
  1. Superior suprarenal off inferior phrenic a.
  2. Middle suprarenal off aorta
  3. Inferior suprarenal off renal a.
188
Q

What are the paired parietal/body wall branches of the abdominal wall?

A

Inferior phrenic and lumbar aa.

189
Q

What veins come off IVC in abdominal area?

A

*only need to know these three
1. Hepatic veins
2. Right suprarenal vein
3. Left/right gonadal veins

190
Q

What are the nerves of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

1.2 Subcostal n.
2. Iliohypogastric n. (more superior n.)
3. Ilioinguinal n. (more inferior n.)
4. Lateral femoral cutaneous n.
5. Genitofemoral n.
6. Femoral n.
7. Obturator n.

191
Q

What is the vertebral origin of the subcostal n?

A

T12

192
Q

What is the vertebral origin of the iliohypogastric n?

A

L1

193
Q

What is the vertebral origin of the ilioinguinal n.?

A

L1

194
Q

What is the vertebral origin of the lateral femoral cutaneous n.?

A

L2, L3

195
Q

What is the vertebral origin of the genitofemoral n.? What are the branches of this n? What do each branch supply?

A

L1, L2
1. Genital branch – cremaster
2. Femoral branch – sensory on thigh

196
Q

What is the vertebral origin of the femoral n.?

A

L2, L3, L4

197
Q

What is the vertebral origin of the obturator?

A

L2, L3, L4

198
Q

Name of membrane that encloses vasculature of intestines (e.g. arcades and vasa recta)

A

Mesentery proper/peritoneal ligaments

199
Q

Which week does the stomach become visible in development

A

4th week

200
Q

When does the buccopharyngeal membrane break down and what does it become

A

Breaks down at 3rd week

Mouth

201
Q

When does the cloacal membrane break down and what does it become

A

Breaks down at 7th.

The anus

202
Q

Three places we can get kidney stones

A

Uretoropelvic junction
Ureterovesical junction
Crossing of iliac a

203
Q

What do the branches of L1 pierce?

A

Branches: iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal

Penetrate/pierce thru internal oblique around ASIS, then continue to run between internal and external obliques

Gross Anatomy (2 decks)

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