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Second Quarter > Gross Anatomy Exam 1 Q2 > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy Exam 1 Q2 Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

of the larynx

  • laryngeal prominence
  • C4-C5 vertebral level
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2
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

u-shaped

  • site of attachment for many anterior neck muscles and some muscles of the tongue
  • body- andterior midline
  • greater cornua
  • lesser cornua
  • C3 vertebral level
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3
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A
  • a cartilage of the larynx

- C6 vertebral level

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4
Q

Tracheal Cartilage

A

-the trachea begin below C6

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5
Q

Other landmarks of the anterior neck

A

Clavicle, Jugular or suprasternal notch of the manubrium, Mandible, Mastoid process, Transverse process of the Atlas, Styloid Process

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6
Q

Skin of the Neck

A
  • thin anteriorly

- is richly innervated, primarily by the C2, C3,C4 spinal nerves. Also has the C2 Dermatome

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7
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A

This is the Cranial Nerve (V) that innervates the skin of the face

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8
Q

Superficial Fascia of the Neck

A

-usually think, broad flat and sheet-like skeletal muscle
-contains the platysma muscle
The muscles located in this area results in alot of fascial expression so they are refered to as MIMETIC MUSCLES.

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9
Q

Platysma Muscle

A

O-Fascia of the skin of deltoid and pectoral region
I- mandible and tissues around the mouth
A- to tighten and wrinkle skin of neck, also helps depress mandible and lower lip and angle of mouth
N- Facial nerve, Cranial Nerve VII

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10
Q

Posterior Auricular Vein

A

-drains blood from behind the ear into the external jugular vein

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11
Q

Retromandibular Vein

A

drains blood from deep to mandible and ear and goes into the external jugular vein

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12
Q

Facial Vein

A

-can drain into the external jugular vein or can drain into the anterior jugular vein

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13
Q

Anterior Jugular Vein

A
  • drains from the submandibular vein area

- can drain into the external jugular vein or goes right into the subclavian vein

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14
Q

External Jugular Vein

A

-receives the tributaries from the facial area and drains into the subclavian vein inferior to the clavicle

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15
Q

Anterior Triangle of the Neck

A

Borders: Post- SCM, Sup- inferior border of the mandible, Ant- midline of the anterior neck

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16
Q

Posterior Triangle of the Neck

A

Borders: Post- Trapezius, Ant- SCM, Inf- Clavicle

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17
Q

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

A

O- Sternal head and clavicular head
I- Mastoid Process and occipital bone (lateral part of superior nuchal line)
N- Motor is CN XI (Spinal accessory), Sensory is VPR C2 and sometime C3
A- unilateral - ipsilateral flexion and contralateral rotation of neck and head
bilateral - flexion of neck and clight extension of the head

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18
Q

Submandibular Triangle

A

found in the anterior triangle of the neck
Borders: inf border of the mandible, post belly of digastric, ant belly of digastric
Contains: submandibular glands (salivary glands) and the facial artery and vein

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19
Q

Submental Triangle

A

found in the anterior triangle of the neck and is the only unpairs triangle
Borders: hyoid bone and the ant bellies of the digastric muscle

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20
Q

Carotid Triangle

A

found in the anterior triangle of the neck
Borders: post. belly of the digastric, SCM, sup belly of the omohyoid
Contains: Carotid sheath and it contents, Common carotid artery and the carotid bifurcation, Internal Jugular vein and the CN X (Vagus)

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21
Q

Muscular Triangle

A

found in the anterior triangle of the neck
Border: ant midline of the neck, thyroid gland, sup belly of the omohyoid
Contains: infrahyoid muscles, thyroid gland, larynx and trachea

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22
Q

Supraclavicular Triangle

A

found in the posterior triangle of the neck
Borders: clavicle, inf belly of the omohyoid, SCM
Contains: subclavian artery and vein, elements of the brachial plexus, ant scalene muscles and phrenic nerve

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23
Q

Occipital Triangle

A

found in the posterior triangle of the neck
Borders: trap, SCM, inf belly of omohyoid
Contains: CN XI (spinal accessory), several cutaneous nerves from the cervical plexus

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24
Q

Cervical Plexus

A
  • formed by the ventral ramii of C1-C4
  • 5 types of branches: cutaneous branches, communicating branches or hitchhiker branches, ansa cervicalis, phrenic nerve, motor branches (supplying the depp ant. neck)
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25
Q

Cutaneous Branches of Cervical Plexus

A

Four main branches emerge from the deep neck along the porterior border of the SCM
-Lesser Occipital Nerve - C2 fibers VPR and it innervates the skin of the posterior scalp and behind the ear and base of the skull
-Great Auricular Nerve - C2, C3 fibers VPR and it innervates the skin below and anterior to external ear and part of ear including the skin over the angle of the mandible
-Transverse Cervical Nerve - C2, C3 fibers of VPR and it innervates most skin of the anterior neck, the terminal branches penetrate the platysma muscle
-Supraclavicular Nerves - C3, C4 fibers of VPR, radiates across the clavicular region and forms 3 branches: lateral, intermediate and medial.
Innervate the skin of base of neck, upper thorax and top of shoulder

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26
Q

Communicating or Hitchhiking branches

A
  • join with nerves en route to their distinctions, but are really not part of those nerves
  • C2, C3, C4 fibbers join cranial nerve XI, providing sensory innervation to SCM (C2, some C3) and Trap (C3, C4)
  • C1 fibbers join with cranial nerve XII and supplies motor innervation to Geniohyoid and Thyrohyoid muscles
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27
Q

Ansa Cervicalis

A

-comprised of the ventral ramie of C1, C2, and C3
-supplies the infra hyoid muscles except thyrohyoid
-Has 2 roots: Superior Root of Ansa Cervicalis also called the descending hypoglossal
Inferior Root of Ansa Cervicalis also called the Descending Cervical Ramus
-together these two roots supple sternohyoid, sternothyroid and omohyoid muscles

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28
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A
  • is comprised of the ventral rami of C3, C4, C5

- motor and sensory to the diaphragm

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29
Q

Motor Branches of Cervical plexus

A

-supply direct innervation of the deep anterior neck muscles:
scalene muscles and prevertebral muscles

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30
Q

Infrahyoid Muscles

A
  • strap like, broad and flat
  • used in activities such as swallowing and speech
  • there are 4 pairs: sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, and thyrohyoid
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31
Q

Digastric Muscle

A

-the anterior and posterior bellies have different embryonic origins, therefore their innervations are different

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32
Q

Stylohyoid Muscle

A

parallels the posterior belly of the digastric

the tendon insertion usually splits and passes on either side of the intermediate tendon go the digastric

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33
Q

Mylohyoid Muscle

A

within the sub mental triangle

helps form the floor of the oral cavity

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34
Q

Geniohyoid Muscle

A

superior to the mylohyoid and has a different innervation than the other SUprahyoid muscles

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35
Q

Scalene Triangle

A

also known as the inter scalene triangle
Borders are: First rib, Anterior scalene m, and Middle scalene m
-exiting en route to the extremities thru the scalene triangle are: Subclavian artery and the roots of the brachial plexus
Clinical significance: At the area of the triangle the elements of the plexus and subclavian artery are subject to impingement by the scalene muscles leading to neuromuscular problems to the upper extremity

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36
Q

Deep Fascia of the neck or Deep Cervical Fascia

A

surrounding muscles and organs of the neck and it has three layers.
Superficial layer - attachments to the clavicle, hyoid, occiput, mandible, sp.’s of the cervical vertebrae and ligamentum nuchae and it invest the SCM and Trapezius muscles
Pretracheal Layer - defines the visceral compartment in neck. Surround the thyroid gland, trachea and espphagos, larynx, pharynx, and infrahyoid muscles
Prevertebral Layer - surrounds cervical spine and deep muscles of the posterior neck. Also surrounds muscles of anterior neck

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37
Q

Carotid Sheath

A
  • all three layers of the deep fascia make the carotid sheath
  • the sheath contains: common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve
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38
Q

Clinical Significance of the Fascial Layers

A
  • These fascial layers are said to establish interfacial planes (potential space b/w fascial layers).
  • These planes extend longitudinally thru the neck from the base of the skull to the thorax. If a pathogen gets into these spaces it can spread longitudinally.
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39
Q

Common Carotid Artery

A
  • the right common carotid artery originates from the brachiocephalic artery / trunk
  • the left common carotid originates directly from the aortic arch
  • both common carotids ascend to the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage where they bifurcate into the external and internal carotid
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40
Q

Carotid Sinus

A
  • the dilation area of bifurcation of the common carotid artery
  • is at the vertebral level of C3,C4
  • receptor morphology is speciallized epithelial cells and a rich plexus of nerve endings turning it into a sensory receptor
  • mechanoreceptor - baroreceptor that monitors changes in the increase of blood pressure that increase the rate of nerve impulses which can result in vasodilation and decreased heart rate
  • innervation from the sinus branch of CN IX and some from CN X
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41
Q

Carotid Sinus Reflex

A
  • increase in blood pressure stimulated the carotid sinus that stimulates branches of the IX nerve to the CNS and the CNS coordinates cardiovascular changes causing vasodilation, decrease blood pressure and decreased heart rate
  • the carotid sinus responds to any changes in mechanical pressure, i.e. externally pressing on the sinus, this can result in activation of the carotid sinus reflex and cardiovascular changes
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42
Q

Carotid Body

A
  • located near the carotid bifurcation, is small in size only 2-5 mm in diameter
  • the morphology of the receptor is that it has specialized epithelial cells, nerve endings and is a rich bed of capillaries
  • it is a chemoreceptor that monitors changes in the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide (actually levels of protons and HCO3
  • is innervated by the sinus branch of CN IX and some by CN X
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43
Q

Internal Carotid Artery

A
  • from the carotid bifurcation, it travels deep and superiorly to the base of the skull
  • enters the skull via carotid canal and is distributed to the brain and orbit including the eyeball
  • usually has no defined branches in the neck
44
Q

External Carotid Artery Branches

A 
Superior THyroid Artery
Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
Lingual Artery
Facial Artery 
Occipital Artery
Posterior Auricular Artery
Maxillary Artery
Superficial Temporal Artery
Also has the superior laryngeal artery and transverse facial artery
45
Q

Superior Thyroid Artery

A
  • usually gives off a superior laryngeal artery

- supplies blood to thyroid, larynx, infra hyoid muscles and parts of SCM

46
Q

Ascending Pharyngeal Artery

A
  • difficult to dissect - small

- supplies pharyngeal wall

47
Q

Lingual Artery

A

Branch of external carotid near the posterior belly of digastric muscle, travels deep to it to the hygoglossal nerve

48
Q

Facial Artery

A
  • 20% facial and lingual share a common trunk
  • travels thru the submandibular triangle and crosses mid mandible
  • it traverses across the superficial face, paralleling the facial vein and it terminates at the medial angle of the eye
  • supplies the submandibular gland and the anterior face- inf and sup lips via the inferior and superior labial arteries
  • also give rise to the angular artery that anastomoses with the infraorbital artery
49
Q

Occipital Artery

A

travels posterior to the external ear, parallel to the greater occipital nerve and supplies the posterior scalp

50
Q

Posterior Auricular Artery

A

-travels behind the ear and supplies parts of the external ear and some of the skin behind the ear

51
Q

Maxillary Artery

A
  • largest branch
  • arteries arise deep to the neck of the mandible
  • sends branches to the: lower teeth and mandible, maxilla and upper jaw teeth, muscles of mastication, dura mater around the brain
52
Q

Superficial Temporal Artery

A
  • palpable above the TMJ in front of the ear

- supplies much of the superficial structures of the parieto-temporal region of the head and parotid gland

53
Q

Subclavian Artery

A
  • there is a left and a right subclavian artery
  • the right one branches from the braciocephalic artery and the left one branches from the aortic arch
  • there are four major branches off the subclavian artery: Internal Thoracic Artery, Vertebral Artery, Costocervical Trunk and the Thyrocervical Trunk that gives off 4 more branches being the Ascending Cervical, Inferior Thyroid, Transverse Cervical and Suprascapular
54
Q

Internal Thoracic

A

descends into the thorax along the internal surface of the thoracic wall

55
Q

Vertebral Artery

A

Ascends and enters a transverse foramen at C6, it then sends branches to deep neck structures, spinal nerves and the spinal chord and becomes on of the major arteries to the brain

56
Q

Thyrocervical Trunk

A

Inferior Thyroid - helps supply thyroid, esophagus, larynx, and trachea
Ascending Cervical - supplies strucutures in deep cervical region
Transverse cervical - branches to transverse cervical and dorsal scapular
Suprascapular

57
Q

Costocervical Trunk

A
  • originates posterior to the anterior scalene muscle
  • gives off two branches, the deep cervical branch that supplies the deep posterior neck structures and the superior intercostal branch that supplies superior part of thorax
58
Q

Internal Jugular Vein

A
  • begins in the jugular foramen forms from the sigmoid dural sinus
  • travels inferiorly thru the neck and receives tributaries from facial, lingual, thyroid and pharyngeal veins
  • joins with subclavian vein to form the braciocephalic, this is the major drain from the brain
59
Q

Vertebral Veins

A
  • begins in the sub occipital triangle region
  • parallel to the vertebral arteries
  • drain deep neck structures
  • drain into the braciocephalic veins
60
Q

Thyroid Gland

A
  • endocrine gland (ductless), is quite big
  • found at the C5, 6 ,7 levels straddling the upper part of the trachea
  • has two lobes that are connected by the isthmus: left lobe, right lobe and sometimes there is a third lobe on top of the isthmus called the pyramidal lobe
  • synthesizes and secretes thyroxin (cellular metabolism) and calcitronin (increases blood calcium levels)
  • suppied by the sup and inf thyroid arteries
  • thyroid veins is what it primarily drains into, the superior, middle and inferior
61
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A
  • endocrine glands (ductless), small and ovoid
  • four glands (two pairs) superior parathyroid and inferior parathyroid
  • embedded in posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
  • synthesizes and secretes parathyroid hormone that increases the blood calcium levels
62
Q

Scalp

A 
-skin of the face
S - skin
C - connective tissue (subcutaneous tissue, hypodermis)
A - Aponeurosis (Galea Aponeurotica)
L - Loose CT
P - Pericranium
63
Q

Epicranius muscle

A

Frontalis muscle attaches anterior to the skin and soft tissue of the eye brow, posteriorly to the galea aponeurotic a
Occipitalis muscle attaches anterior to the galea aponeurotic a and posterior to the occiput
Actions it performs is the elevate the eyebrows, elevate the skin of the forehead and move the scalp over the dome of the head

64
Q

Orbcularis Oculi

A
  • concentric arrangement around the orbit
  • has three portions, orbital - around the orbital rim, palpebral - with in the eyelids, and lacrimal
  • actions are close the eyelids, blink muscle
65
Q

Orbicularis Oris

A

-concentric arrangement around the mouth

action is to purse the lips and close lips tightly

66
Q

Risorius Muscle

A

-originates from the fascia of the cheek and inserts into the corner of the mouth
actions is to retract the angle of the mouth

67
Q

Zygomaticus Major and Minor Muscles

A

Major - inserts into the angle of the mouth and it elevates the angle of the mouth
Minor - inserts into the upper lip and elevates the upper lip in the middle

68
Q

Depressor Anguli Oris

A

action is to depress the angle of the mouth

69
Q

Depressor Labii Oris

A

more medial than depressor anguli oris and the action is to depress the lower lip

70
Q

Buccinator Muscle

A

muscle of the cheek and its action is to compress the cheek against the teeth and gums

71
Q

Mentalis Muscle

A

action is to depress the lower lip along the midline

72
Q

Facial nerve

A
  • provide motor and sensory innervation and is fairly complex
  • for now only consider somatomotor roots/neurons of the facial nerve: these emerge from the parotid gland and makes six named branches
  • Temporal branch of the facial nerve
  • Zygomatic branch of the facial nerve
  • Buccal branch of the facial nerve
  • Mandibular (Marginal) branch of the facial nerve
  • Descending cervical branch of the facial nerve
  • Posterior Auricular branch of the facial nerve
73
Q

Parotid Gland

A
  • biggest of the large group at 25 grams
  • develops from the wall of the oral cavity
  • connecting the oral cavity to the parotid gland is the parotid duct = Stensons duct, this duct travels across the cheek ant and penetrates the buccinator muscle and enter the oral cavity opposite the 2nd upper molar at a landmark called the parotid Papilla
  • it secretes serous fluid that contributes to saliva
  • it is innervated by sympathetic vasomotor fibbers and parasympathetic secretomotor fibbers, preganglionic from facial nerve and postganglionic from the otis ganglion
74
Q

Submandibular Gland (submaxillary glands)

A
  • has a left and a right
  • about the size of a walnut in the submandibular triangle
  • mainly a serous gland, but some mucous secretions
  • develop from the walls of the oral cavity and is connect by the submandibular duct= Whartons duct connecting at the sublingual papilla or caruncle
  • innervated by sympathetic - vasomotor and parasympathetic - secretomotor with pre G from facial n and post from submandibular ganglion
75
Q

Sublingual Gland

A
  • smallest of the three large glands
  • located deep to the mandible, superior to the mylohyoid muscle in the floor of the oral cavity
  • sublingual ducts - series of small ducts thru which the gland secretes it products
  • innervated by sympathetic vasomotor and parasympathetic secretomotor with pre G from facial nerve and post G from submandibular ganglion
76
Q

Labial Gland

A
  • small glands on the oral side of the upper and lower lips
  • numerous, small
  • innervated by sympathetic vasomotor and parasympathetic secretomotor with pre G from facial nerve and post G from submandibular ganglion
77
Q

Lingual Gland

A
  • small glands on the tongue
  • numerous, small
  • innervated sympathetic by vasomotor and parasympathetic by secretomotor with pre G from the facial nerve and post G from the submandibular ganglion
78
Q

Palatine Gland

A
  • small gland in the roof of the oral cavity
  • innervated sympathetic vasomotor and parasympathetic secretomotor with pre G from facial nerve and post G from Pterygopalatine ganglion = spenopalatine ganglion
79
Q

Facial Vein

A
  • parallels the facial artery just posterior to it
  • has 3 main tributaries: Sup and Inf Labial and the Angular vein what begins near the medial angle of the eye and has clinical significance because if someone was to get an infection or tumour nearby it could migrate into the vein and go into the cranial cavity thru the ophthalmic and infraorbital veins that it anastomoses with
  • drains into either the external, internal or anterior jugular veins
80
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A
  • it is a mixed nerve where it has sensory and motor neurones on it
  • has 3 divisions that happen before it leaves the cranial vault. Ophthalmic nerve V1, Maxillary nerve V2, and Mandibular nerve V3
  • motor innervation travel on the mandibular nerve and supply muscles of mastication, anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid, tensonr veli palatine and tensor tympani
  • general sensory innervation is done to 2/3 of anterior part of head, the cell bodies of the sensory neurones for the trigeminal nerve occupy the trigeminal ganglion = gasserian ganglion and distributed out to all divisions
81
Q

Cranium Bones (8)

A 
frontal 1
parietal 2
temporal 2
occipital 1
sphenoid 1
ethmoid 1
-these bones also form the cranial vault
82
Q

Facial Skeleton (14)

A 
maxilla 2
zygomatic 2
palatine 2
inferior conchae 2
nasal 2
lacrimal 2
vomer 1
mandible 1
83
Q

Bones of the middle ear (ossicles) (6)

A

malleus 2
incus 2
stapes 2

84
Q

Joints of the skulls bones

A

-the majority of the bones are fibrous
Sutural Joints - bone surfaces are very close together attached by fibrous CT
-sutural joints are usually described as relatively rigid immoveable joints
-most sutures become ossified with age
-some joints of the skull are not sutures: TMJ and Ear ossicles

85
Q

Sutures of the skull

A

Serrated suture - Coronal suture that is b.w the frontal and parietal bones, Sagittal suture that is b/w the L and R parietal bones, Lamboidal Suture that is b/w occipital bone and parietal
Bevel Sutures - Squamousal suture is b/w the squamous, temporal and parietal bone

86
Q

Key landmarks of the skull

A

Vertex - top most point of the skull when head is upright
Bregma - point of junction b/w coronal and sagittal sutures
Lamba - point of junction b/w the sagittal and occipital sutures
Parietal Emminences - area of greatest convexity on the side of the skull
Supercilary Arches - supraorbital crest (eyebrows)
Glabella - smooth prominence just above nose (indian dot spot)
EOP
Temporal Fossae - depressions on the side of the skull
Zygomatic Arch - part zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone

87
Q

Anterior Cranial Fossa

A

Borders: orbital plates of the frontal bone that form the orbital roof, cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone (cribriform foramina and crista galli), lesser wings of the body of the sphenoid

88
Q

Middle Cranial Fossa

A

Borders: Great wings of the sphenoid body, Body of Sphenoid (sella turcia and hypogphyseal fossa), Temporal Bones (squamous and petrous portions)

89
Q

Posterior Cranial Fossa

A

Borders: occipital bone, part of the temporal bone (petrous portion), body of the sphenoid
Landmarks: Internal Occipital Proteberance, Internal Occopital Crest, Sulci for the transverse and sigmoid sinuses.

90
Q

Optic Canal

A
  • middle cranial fossa
  • connects middle cranial fossa to the orbit
  • passing thru it is the Orbital nerve CN II and the Opthalmic Artery
91
Q

Superior Orbital Fissure

A
  • middle cranial fossa
  • inferior to the lesser wing of sphenoid connecting to the orbit
  • passing thru it is CN III Oculomotor, CN IV Trochlear, CN VI Abduscents, and V1 Opthalmic of CN V (sensory)
92
Q

Foramen Rotundum

A
  • middle cranial fossa
  • connects to the pterygo palatine fossa
  • passing thru it is V2 Maxiallry nerve of CN V (sensory)
93
Q

Foramen Ovale

A
  • middle cranial fossa
  • connects to the infratemporal fossa
  • passing thru it is V3 Mandibular Nerve of CN V (sensory and motor)
94
Q

Foramen Spinosum

A
  • middle cranial fossa
  • to the infratemporal fossa
  • passing thur it is the middle menigeal artery into the cranial cavity
95
Q

Foramen Lacerum

A
  • middle cranial fossa
  • closed by fibrocartilage, the carotid canal open into this cavity
  • nothing travels thru this foramen but the internal carotid artery travels across it
96
Q

Internal Auditory Meatus

A
  • posterior cranial fossa
  • connects to the petrous temporal bone / inner ear
  • passing thru is the CN VII Facial, CN VIII Vestibulocochlear, Internal Auditory Atery
97
Q

Jugular Foramen

A
  • posterior cranial fossa
  • connects to the skull bone
  • passing thru is CN IX Glossalpharyngeal, CN X Vagus, CN XI Spinal Accesory, and Internal Jugular Vein from sigmoid dural sinus
98
Q

Foramen Magnum

A
  • posterior cranial fossa

- passing thru it is the Spinal chord to the brainstem transition, Vertebral Arteries, Spinal root of XI

99
Q

Hypoglossal Foramen

A
  • also can be called the anterior condylar canal

- passing thru it is CN XII Hypoglossal

100
Q

Condylar Foramen

A
  • also can be called the posterior Condylar canal

- passing thru are the emmisary veins

101
Q

Meninges of the Cranial Vault

A

Three layers: Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater
The pia and arachnoid are sometimes refered to jointly as the leptomeninges, the dura can be called the pachymeninges
Spaces b/w the meninges are:
Subarachnoid space b/w pia and arachnoid filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Epidural Space b/w the dura and the cranial vault bones creating a potential space that can be filled by the leaking of meningeal arteries
Subdural Space b/w the dura and arachnoid and it is a potential space that can be filled with blood from leaking cerebral veins

102
Q

Cranial Dura

A

-lines cranial vault, two layer (periosteal - outermost formed by periosteum, and meningeal - innermost continuous with spinal dura)
Features: Dura folds; Falx cerebri - is the longitudinal cerebral fissure b/w R and L hemishpere of brain, attaches ant to crista galli and post to tentorium cerebelli
Tentorium Cerebelli - b/w occipital lobes and the cerebellum, horizontal plane
Falx Cerebelli - separates the two cerebellar hemispheres
Diaphragma Sella - covers pituitary gland over sella turcia

103
Q

Dural Sinuses

A

-within dura, dural walls and lined with endothelium with no muscles or valves
-receives venous drainage from brain, cerebral veins
Superior Sagittal Sinus, sup border of Falx Cerebri
Inferior Sagittal Sinus, inf border of Falx Cerebri
Straight Sinus, lies along junct of Falx Cerebri and Tentorium
Occipital Sinus, drains superiorly to confluence
COnfluence of SInuses, just inf to IOP
Transverse Sinuses - confluence to sigmois sinus
Sigmoid Sinus, drain to jugular foramen, Internal Jug V
Cavernous Sinuses, located on each side of the sphenoid body, drain by petrous sinuses

104
Q

Meningeal Arteries

A

-within the dura
Anterior Meningeal Artery - formed from branches of Internal Carotid A, traverses the dura of the anterior fossa
Middle Minengeal Artery - formed by branches of Maxillary A, largest, traverses middle fossa, enters skull thru f. spinosum
Posterior Meningeal Artery - formed by branches of occipital and vertebral, traverses the dura of posterior fossa
-often imprint grooves on cranial vault bones
-blood from these arteries distributed to skull bones
-Clinical Sig- Epidural and Subdural hematoma where vessel breakage causes increase CSF pressure

105
Q

Veins of Cranium

A

Diploic Veins
-veins within the medullar cavity of the cranial bones
-drains blood from the cranial bones
-drains into the superficial veins of the scalp and/or the dural venous sinuses
Emmisary Veins
-directly connect veins from outside of skull to sinus inside skull

106
Q

Meningeal Nerves

A
  • innervate the dura especially near dural vessels
  • dura of ant and mid fossae are innervated by the meningeal branches of the trigeminal, all divisions
  • dura of the post fossa innervated by branches of upper 3 cervical spinal nerves, and CN X Vagus
  • functional role is to provide pain innervation to pain sensitive tissues such as 1. dura 2. dural sinuses 3. Meningeal A. 4. Cerebral A.
  • some autonomics travel to dura with the arteries providing some vasomotor innervation to the cerebral A and meningeal A.

Second Quarter (4 decks)

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