Gross Anatomy

Question 1

the skull consists of ________

Answer 1

cranium and mandible

Question 2

what is calvaria

Answer 2

upper part of the cranium which encloses the brain

Question 3

calvaria is also called

Answer 3

brain box

Question 4

the skull consists of how many bones

Answer 4

28

Question 5

how many bones is the calvaria composed of and name them

Answer 5

14 bones 
parietal -2
temporal -2
malleus-2
incus- 2
stapes-2 

frontal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid

Question 6

how many bones is the facial skeleton composed of and name them

Answer 6

14
maxilla - 2
zygomatic - 2
nasal - 2 
lacrimal - 2 
palatine - 2
inferior nasal concha - 2 

mandible
vomer

Question 7

what is Reids base line

Answer 7

horizontal line obtained when infraorbital margin is joined with the center of external acoustic meatus (auricular point)

Question 8

what is Frankfurts horizontal plane

Answer 8

plane of orientation obtained when infraorbital margin is joined with the upper margin of external acoustic meatus

Question 9

name the normas of the skull

Answer 9

norma frontalis
norma verticalis 
norma occipitalis 
norma lateralis 
norma basalis

Question 10

internally the skull is composed of

Answer 10

internal surface of cranial vault

internal surface of cranial base

Question 11

what is the significance of fontanelles

Answer 11

they allow overlapping of the bones during vaginal delivery if required

Question 12

what are pneumatic bones

Answer 12

skull bones which have air cells in them

Question 13

which bones are pneumatic bones

Answer 13

Frontal.
Sphenoid.
Ethmoid.
Maxilla.
Tempora

Question 14

what is the significance of pneumatic bones

Answer 14

reduce the weight of the skull
maintain humidity of inspired air
give resonance to voice
may get infected resulting in sinusitis

Question 15

what are the bones seen in norma verticalis

Answer 15

upper part of frontal bone
upper most part of occipital bone
parietal bone on each side

Question 16

what are the normal features seen on norma verticalis

Answer 16

coronal suture 
bregma 
sagittal suture 
parietal foramen
lambdoid suture 
vertex 
vault of the skull
anterior fontanelle 
posterior fontanelle
parietal tuber 
obelion

Question 17

what is significance of parietal tuber

Answer 17

common site of fracture

Question 18

what is metopic suture and its significance

Answer 18

suture between two frontal bones

allows the clinician to determine that it is not a fracture

Question 19

what is the location of anterior and posterior fontanelles and the age in which they disappear

Answer 19

anterior - bregma - 18- 24 months

posterior - lambda - 2- 3 months

Question 20

what are the bones seen in norma occipitalis

Answer 20

parietal bones
temporal bones
occipital bone
intraparietal/ inca bone

Question 21

what are the sutures seen in occipital bones

Answer 21

sagittal suture 
lambdoid suture 
lambda 
pareital foramen 
occipitomastoid suture 
parietomastoid suture 
asterion

Question 22

what are the feature other than bones and sutures seen on norma occipitalis

Answer 22

external occipital protuberance 
inion 
highest nuchal line
superior nuchal lines 
inferior nuchal line 
occipital point 
mastoid process
mastoid foramen

Question 23

which bones are seen in norma frontalis

Answer 23

frontal 
temporal bone 
parietal bone 
nasal
ethmoid  
zygomatic 
maxilla 
mandible

Question 24

name the regions of norma frontalis

Answer 24

frontal region
orbital region and bony socket
nasal region and aperture
lower part of face

Question 25

describe the feature of frontal region of norma frontalis

Answer 25

``` super ciliary arch glabella supra orbital notch supra orbital foramen frontal eminence/ tuber ```

Question 26

describe the feature of the orbital region and bony socket of norma frontalis

Answer 26

``` supra orbital margin infra orbital margin medial orbital margin lateral orbital margin lesser wing or sphenoid bone greater wing of sphenoid bone lacrimal bone ethmoid bone supra orbital fissure optic canal infra orbital fissure infra orbital groove fossa for lacrimal sac infra orbital foramen ```

Question 27

describe the feature of nasal region and aperture of norma frontalis

Answer 27

``` nasion frontonasal suture internasal suture nasomaxillary suture rhinion perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone vomer middle nasal concha inferior nasal concha piriform aperture anterior nasal spine ```

Question 28

describe the feature of lower part of the norma frontalis except mandible

Answer 28

``` maxillary process nasomaxillary suture frontomaxillary suture lacrimomaxillary suture intermaxillary suture zygomatic process of maxillary bone zygomaticomaxillary suture zygomaticofacial foramen alveolar process canine fossa incisive fossa ```

Question 29

describe the mandible of norma frontalis

Answer 29

``` symphysis menti mental foramen mental tubercle mental protuberance mental point/gnathion ```

Question 30

which bones are seen in norma lateralis

Answer 30

``` frontal occipital parietal temporal sphenoid zygomatic nasal lacrimal maxilla mandible ```

Question 31

describe the features of norma lateralis

Answer 31

``` superior temporal line inferior temporal line squamous suture sphenoparietal suture sphenofrontal suture pterion sphenosquamous suture frontozygomatic suture frontolacrimal suture nasolacrimal suture zygomaticofacial foramen infraorbital foramen temporal fossa temporal process of zygomatic bonne zygomatic process of temporal bone anterior and posterior root of zygomatic process parietomastoid suture supra mastoid crest suprameatal triangle lambdoid suture asterion external acoustic meatus suprameatal spine typanic place squamotympanic fissure mandibular fossa postglenoid tubercle articular tubercle mastoid process styloid process infraorbital foramen ramus of mandible mental foramen mental tubercle ```

Question 32

when does the posterolateral and anterolateral fontanelles close

Answer 32

12 months | 6 months

Question 33

what is the clinical significance of pterion

Answer 33

thin part of skull in RTAs anterior division of middle meningeal artery may rupture clot formation between skull and dura matter/ extradural hemorrhage motor area of the brain compresses leading to paralysis of the opposite side clot must be sucked out immediatley by trephining

Question 34

describe the anterior part of normal basalis

Answer 34

``` incisive fossa median incisive foramen lateral incisive foramen intermaxillary suture palatine process of maxillary bone alveolar process of maxillary bone palatomaxillary suture interpalatine suture horizontal plate of palatine bone greater palatine foramen lesser palatine foramen palatine crest posterior nasal spine pyramidal process of palatine bone ```

Question 35

describe the middle portion of norma basalis

Answer 35

``` infraorbital fissure posterior part of vomer rostrum of sphenoid horizontal plate of palatine bone perpendicular plate of palatine bone sphenoidal process of palatine bone palatinovaginal canal vaginal process of sphenoid vomerovaginal canal middle pterygoid plates of greater wing of sphenoid bone) lateral pterygoid plates of greater wing of sphenoid bone) pterygoid Hamulus pterygoid fossa scaphoid fossa pharyngeal tubercle infratemporal fissure pterygomaxillary fissure foramen Vesalius foramen ovale foramen lacerum foramen spinosum canaliculus innominatus sulcus tubae carotid canal squamotympanic fissure petrotympanic fissure ```

Question 36

describe the posterior portion of norma basalis

Answer 36

``` foramen magnum externa occipital crest external occipital protuberance highest nuchal line super nuchal line inferior nuchal line ``` jugular foramen styloid process stylomastoid foramen mastoid process ``` carotid canal tympanic canaliculus hypoglossal/ anterior condylar canal jugular foramen mastoid canaliculus jugular process occipital condyles condylar/posterior condylar canal condylar fossa ```

Question 37

name the three fossa of cranial vault

Answer 37

anterior middle cranial

Question 38

what are the boundaries of anterior fossa

Answer 38

by frontal bone frontally and frontolaterally by anterior part of body of sphenoid bone posteriorly and posterolateral

Question 39

which bones are present in anterior cranial fossa

Answer 39

``` frontal bone (orbital plate) ethmoid bone (cereibriform) sphenoid bone (jugum sphenoidale) ```

Question 40

frontal crest is an attachment site for what and define it

Answer 40

faux cerebri | sheet of dura matter which separates the two cerebral hemispheres

Question 41

describe the features of anterior cranial fossa

Answer 41

``` frontal crest foramen cecum crista gali anterior ethmoid foramen cerebriform plate of ethmoid bone frontoethmoidal suture posterior ethmoid foramen orbital plate of frontal bone ``` sulcus chiasmaticus anterior chlinoid process

Question 42

what are the bones seen in middle cranial fossa

Answer 42

grater wing of spehnoid quamous and petrous part of temporal parietal

Question 43

describe the boundaries of middle cranial fossa

Answer 43

posterior border of lesser wing of sphenoid bone anterior clinoid process anterior margin of sulcus chiasmaticus superior border of petrous temporal bone dormum sallae of sphenoid bone greater wing of sphenoid anteroinferior angle of parietal bone squamous temporal bone