Gross Anatomy 1 Flashcards
How can the skeleton be divided into two major parts?
- axial (head + neck + trunk)
* appendicular (upper +lower limbs)
What are the upper limb joints between the appendicular + axial skeleton?
- sterno-clavicular (true)
* scapulo-thoracic (virtual)
What are the different regions of the upper limb?
- pectoral girdle
- arm
- forearm
- hand
What are the bones of the pectoral girdle?
- clavicle
* scapula
What are the bones of the arm?
• humerus
What are the bones of the forearm?
- radius
* ulna
What are the bones of the hands?
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
What does the medial end of the clavicle articulate with?
thoracic wall of the trunk at manubrium
What does lateral end of the clavicle articulate with?
scapular acromion
What thoracic wall do the scapula lie against?
posterolateral
What does the acromion of the scapula articulate with?
clavicle
What does the glenoid fossa of the scapula articulate with?
humoral head (proximal end of the humerus bone)
What does humerus superiourly articulate with?
glenoid fossa of the scapula to form shoulder joint
What does the humerus inferiorly articulate with?
radius + ulna to form the elbow joint
What do the proximal ends of the forearm bones articulate with?
condyles of the humerus
What do the distal ends of the forearm bones articulate with?
carpal bones of the wrist
What are the radius and ulna connected by?
interosseus membrane between the shafts
What are the sets of bones in the wrist + hands?
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
How many carpal bones? How are they organised?
8, distal + proximal rows
Name the distal row of carpal bones (from R to U)
- trapezium
- trapezoid
- capitate
- hamate
Name the proximal row of carpal bones (from R to U)
- scaphoid
- lunate
- triquetrum
- pisiform
How are the metacarpals organised?
1st to 5th from R to U
How are the phalanges organised?
3 rows : distal, medial, proximal (except thumb, has 2)
What do the proximal row of carpals articulate with?
distal ends of R+U, except pisiform
What do the distal row of carpals articulate with?
metacarpals
What are muscle compartments?
muscles with:
• same distinct function
• same nerve supply + same blood supply
What are the 7 muscle compartments of the upper limb?
- Pectoral girdle
- Intrinsic shoulder
- Anterior arm - flexors
- Posterior arm - extensors
- Anterior forearm - flexors
- Posterior forearm - extensors
- Intrinsic hand
What muscles act on the shoulder?
- pectoral girdle muscles (anterior + posterior axio-appendicular)
- intrinsic shoulder muscles (scapulohumeral muscles)
What are the pectoral girdle muscles?
- trapezius
- serratus anterior
- pectoralis major
- latissimus dorsi
What are the intrinsic shoulder muscles?
- deltoid
- teres major
- rotator cuff muscles
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- subscapularis (not visible in posterior view due to being attached to deep surface of scapula)
What are the intrinsic shoulder muscles?
- acts to move humerus at shoulder joint
* v important in stabilising shoulder joint - holds humeral head to glenoid fossa
What are the anterior muscles of the arm?
- biceps brachii
- coracobrachialis
- brachialis
What are the origins / proximal attachments of the biceps brachii?
- short head : coracoid process
* long head : supraglenoid tubercle
What muscles are originate from the coracoid process?
- pectoralis minor
- short head of biceps brachii
- coracobrachialis
What are the muscles of the extensor / posterior compartment of the arm?
- triceps brachii
* anconeus
What nerve supplies the extensor / posterior compartment of the arm?
radial nerve
What are the 3 branches of the triceps brachii?
- lateral head
- medial head
- long head
What is the distal attachment / insertion of the triceps?
olecranon process of the ulna
What are the proximal attachments / origins of the triceps?
- lateral head :
- medial head :
- long head :
What is the distal attachment / insertion of the biceps?
radial tuberosity