Greenhouse ICEV Flashcards
Animals
- are multicellular organisms
- are capable of movement, on their own
- cannot produce their own “food”
- ingest food from surroundings
Prokaryotic cells
- pro = before; karyon = nucleus
- found in bacteria
- do not contain a nuclei
- lack membrane-bound organelles
Since viruses are acellular – they contain no organelles and cannot grow and divide – they are considered neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
Eukaryotic
- eu = good; karyon = nucleus
- found in plants and animals
- contain a nucleus
- contain membrane-bound organelles
Cell Membrane
- Surrounds the cell as a thin layer of protein (about eight-millionths of a millimeter thick)
- Can be found inside the cell wall
- Allows some substances to pass into the cell while blocking others
- AKA the plasma membrane
- Is involved in cellulose production for the assembly of cell walls
- Is composed of highly structured proteins and phospho-lipids
Cell Wall
- Are found only in plants
- Surrounds the cell
- Provides structural support and protection
- Bonds with other cell walls to create plant structure
Chloroplast
- Is an elongated organelle containing chlorophyll
- Converts light and carbon dioxide to usable energy
Organelle: specialized part of a cell which has a specific function
Cytoplasm
- is a gel-like material outside the nucleus, but inside cell membrane
- Contains the cytoskeleton, cytosol and the organelles
substance of a living cell, including the cytoplasm and nucleus, is known as the protoplasm.
Golgi Apparatus
- Is a flat, layered organelle (dictyosomes) which resembles a stack of pancakes
- Is located near the nucleus
- Packages proteins and carbohydrates for export from the cell
- Modifies proteins and lipids before distributing them
Mitochondria
- Is the powerhouse of the cell
- Are spherical, rod-shaped organelles
- Have a double membrane
- Converts energy stored in glucose to ATP for the cell (Respiration)
ATP: adenosine triphosphate, the molecule which provides the energy in the cells of all living things
Nucleus
- Controls functions of the cell
- Contains DNA in chromosomes
- Is surrounded by the nuclear membrane
Chromosome: structure of nucleic acids and proteins which carries genetic information in the form of genes
Ribosomes
- Are small organelles found in large numbers in the cytoplasm
- Create proteins from amino acids
- Can only be seen with an electron microscope
- Composed of two subunits containing RNA and proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Is located in the cytoplasm
- Is covered with ribosomes which give it a rough appearance
- Transports materials through the cell, secretes, stores and creates proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Is located in the cytoplasm
- Transports materials through the cell
- Contains enzymes
- Produces and digests lipids and membrane proteins
Enzymes: proteins which assist chemical reactions in living cells
Vacuole
- Is surrounded by a membrane
- Is filled with fluid
- Takes up most of the cell
- Maintains the shape of the cell
- Is the “cell trash can”
Photosynthesis
- Is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy
- Takes place in the chloroplasts using chlorophyll
Roots
- Are usually underground
- Anchor plants in soil
- Absorb water and nutrients
- Can store food for plant
Root Tissues
- epidermis
- cortex
- vascular cylinder or stele
Root Systems
two major types:
- taproot system
- fibrous root system
Taproot System
-Is found in many dicotyledons such as carrots and beets
-Is derived directly from the first root emerging from the seed
-Has one prominent root known as the taproot or primary root
Dicotyledons: flowering plants with two seed cotyledons
Fibrous Root System
- Are found in most monocots
- Consists of an extensive mass of smaller, widely spread roots
- Monocots: flowering plants with only one seed cotyledon
Root Types
- taproots
- lateral roots
- adventitious roots
- fibrous roots
Taproot
Characteristics are:
- single, dominant roots
- grow directly downward
- sprout other fibrous roots
- can be modified for food and water storage and uptake
Lateral Roots
- Extend horizontally from the taproot
- Extract nutrients and water from the soil
Adventitious Roots
- Form from shoot tissues
- Arise in stems and leaves
- Are used when cloning plants from cuttings
Fibrous Roots
- Are thin, slender roots
- Collect water and nutrients close to the soil surface
- Sprout from primary roots
Grasses are considered to have fibrous root systems.
Stems
- Support the leaves, flowers and fruits of plants
- Conduct movement of water and nutrients to and from the roots and leaves
- Store water
Stem Tissues
Include:
- epidermis
- cortex
- xylem
- phloem
- cambium
Stem Types
Include:
-aerial grow above ground -subterranean grow below ground -acaulescent no obvious stem above or below ground
Xylem
- Transports water from the roots up the plant
- Provides structure and support in the stem
In trees, new xylem tissues are produced each year. As these new tissues are added, older xylem tissues die and create the “rings” that can be seen in tree trunks.
Phloem
- Transports sugars and other molecules made during photosynthesis
- Is always alive
Flowers
- Are organs for sexual reproduction
- Produce gametes
- Play a key role in pollination
Gamete: mature male or female sex cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction
Flower Parts
Include:
- peduncle, flower stalk
- receptacle, part of flower stalk bearing floral organs
- sepal, leaf structures at flower base, protects young buds, all together known as calyx
- petal, located in and above the sepals, attracts pollinators, all together known as corolla
- stamen, male part of the flower, makes pollen grains
- filament, stalk of the stamen, contains the anther
- anther, bears pollen
- pollen, grains containing the male sex cells
- pistil. female part of the flower
- stigma, sticky top of pistil, receptive surface for pollen grains
- style, stalk of the pistil, where pollen tube grows
- ovary, base of the pistil, matures to become fruit
- ovule, located in the ovary, carries female sex cells
Flower Types
Include:
- complete: has stamen, pistil, petals and sepals
- incomplete: one part missing
- perfect: both stamen and pistil are present and functioning
- imperfect: stamen or pistil is missing
Leaves
- Are the major site of food production for the plant (chloroplasts)
- Contain structures which convert sunlight to chemical energy (photosynthesis)
Leaf Tissues
Include:
- epidermis
- mesophyll
- veins
Leaf Parts
Include:
- midrib: main, central vein of a leaf
- petiole: leaf stalk which attaches the leaf to the plant
- stem: main support of the plant
- stipule: small, leaf-like appendages at the base of the petiole
- vein: transports water, minerals and food energy throughout the plant
Leaf Types
Include:
simple-not divided into separate units
compound-leaflets arranged on both sides of an axis
Leaf Vein Patterns
Include:
parallel-several large veins run alongside each other from the base of the blade to the tip (monocots)
palmate-several main veins of about equal size, all of which extend from a common point at the base of the leaf (dicots)
pinnate-one large, central vein, the midrib, with other large veins branching from the sides
Leaf Arrangements
Include:
alternate-one leaf produced at each node
opposite-leaves in pairs at nodes
whorled-three or more leaves per node
Fruit
- Evolves from the maturing ovary after pollination and fertilization
- May be either fleshy or dry in appearance
- Plants produce fruit to protect and disseminate seeds
- Contains one or more seeds
Fruit Types
Include:
simple-formed from one ovary
aggregate-formed from a single flower with many ovaries
multiple-developed from a fusion of separate flowers on a single structure
Seeds
- Primary function is reproduction
- Are used in the process of plant propagation; the creation of new plants through cuttings, seed, bulbs or other plant parts
- Serve as a dispersal unit for many plants ;dispersal is the transportation of seeds away from the parent plant in order to create new plants
Seeds
Contain three parts:
seed coat-protects the embryo
cotyledon-temporary food supply, also known as seed leaf
embryo-an undeveloped plant inside a seed
Monocots
- Are embryos with a single cotyledon
- Contain flower parts in multiples of three
- Have adventitious roots
- Store nutrients in endosperm
Dicots
- Are embryos with two cotyledons
- Contain flower parts in multiples of four or five
- Have roots which form from the radical
The Plant Patent Act
-Was enacted in 1930
-Allowed the patenting of asexually reproduced cultivars
excluded tubers
The Plant Variety Protection Act
-Was enacted on December 24, 1970
-Has a purpose to “encourage the development of novel varieties of sexually reproduced plants”
-Provides owner of new plant cultivars with exclusive marketing rights in the United States
-Allows breeder to recover the costs of research and development by obtaining exclusive marketing rights
Requires the plant variety to be: uniform, stable, and distinct from all other varieties
Gives owner a Certificate of Protection
-remains in effect for 18 years from date of issuance
the owner may specify the variety be sold only as a class of certified seed
-cannot be reversed
-farmers are allowed to save seed for use on their farm or to sell to neighbors
-research may be conducted using the variety
Plants
- Are the backbone of life because they control and provide many aspects of life
- Are essential to humans and animals
- Regulate the ecosystem
- store carbon which reduces fossil fuels in the air
Plants Provide:
- food: all food comes directly or indirectly (i.e. feed for livestock) from plants
- air: produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis
- habitat: humans and animals depend on plants for shelter from elements
- Regulate the water cycle; distribute and purify water through transpiration
- Are used in medicine; twenty-five percent of all prescription drugs come directly from or are derived from plants and four out of five people rely on plants for primary healthcare
Ecosystems
-Are made up of organisms which are classified as:
producers
consumers
decomposers
Producers
- Are photosynthesizing organisms; any kind of green plant which produces its own food known as glucose
- Provide food for consumers and decomposers
- Are mainly made up of organisms from the Plantae kingdom; include some from the Protista kingdom
Consumers
- Are any organisms which cannot make their own food
- Have to feed on producers or other consumers to survive
- Are mainly made up of organisms from the Animalia kingdom; include some from the Protista and Plantae kingdom
herbivores: eat only producers
omnivores: eat producers and other consumers
carnivores: eat only consumers
Decomposers
- Are any organisms which primarily feed on dead organisms or waste from living organisms
- Break down dead plants and animals into nutrient components so plants can use them to make food
- Are found in many shapes and sizes
- Are mainly made up of organisms from the Fungi and Monera kingdom; include some from the Protista kingdom
Crops
- Produce food and fiber which is used by the consumer
- Are highly dependent on humans for propagation
- Are closely related to weeds
- In the U.S. today have been selected for particular traits
Weeds
- Are plants which are out of place and not intentionally sown
- Are plants which are growing where they are not wanted
- Are typically disadvantageous but can be beneficial
- Are competitive and persistent
Characteristics of Weeds
Include:
- abundant seed production and seed dormancy
- rapid population establishment
- adaptation for seed dispersal; i.e. wind, animals, etc.
- presence of vegetative reproductive structures
Benefits of Weeds
Include:
- soil stabilization
- habitat and feed for wildlife
- add organic matter
- aesthetic qualities
- human consumption
Disadvantages of Weeds
Include:
- reduction of crop yield
- compete for water, light, soil nutrients and space
- serve as hosts for crop diseases
- provide shelter for insect pests
- production of chemical substances which are toxic to crops, animals or humans
- interference with harvest
Native Plants
-Are plants which evolved in a particular area over a period of time
-Are able to adapt to the climate, hydrology and geology of their region
-Are found in communities
co-exist with other plant species to provide habitats for wildlife
-Have a positive impact on the surrounding environment and ecosystem
Are better for the environment because they:
- are low maintenance and have low costs to maintain
- do not need additional fertilizers or pesticides
- provide food and habitat for wildlife
Non-Native Plants
and Impact
AKA invasive plants
- Are plants which were introduced to an environment where they did not evolve
- occurs deliberately or accidentally
- Have a negative impact on the local environment and
Impact of Non-Native Plants
- domination of an area due to no natural enemies or predators
- invade native communities which support wildlife
- causes the native plants to dissipate
- Wildlife disappears as well due to lack of food or habitat
Classification of Monocots or Dicots
Is based on:
number of cotyledons pollen structure number of flower parts leaf veins stem vascular arrangement root development secondary growth
Monocot Characteristics
Include:
embryo with single cotyledon pollen with single furrowor pore flower parts in multiples of three major leaf veins parallel stem vascular bundles scattered adventitious roots absence of secondary growth
Dicot Characteristics
Include:
embryo with two cotyledons pollen with three furrows or pores flower parts in multiples of four or five major leaf veins reticulated stem vascular bundles in a ring roots develop from radicle presence of secondary growth
Vascular Plants
- Make up about 80 percent of all plants
- Contain vascular systems which extend from the roots through the stem and branches and into leaves
- efficiently transports water and nutrients through the plant
- Are able to store water in cells easily
- Grow to a large size
- Have: roots, stems and leaves
- vascular bundles
- can transport water
- Reproduce through seeds like gymnosperms and angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Are plants with seeds which are not encased by an outer layer
AKA naked seeds
Produce pollen grains and ovules in cones like conifers, cycads and ginkgoes
Angiosperms
Produce pollen grains and ovules in flowers
Produce seeds which are encased by an outer layer (fruit) like flowering plants, grasses and deciduous trees
Seedless Vascular Plants
Reproduce through spores instead of seeds Have a dominant sporophyte stage Include: ferns lycopods horsetails
Non-Vascular Plants
Are also called bryophytes
Are considered to be the most primitive of plants
Are small, short plants
Reproduce through spores, not seeds
Bryophyte
- Needs to live in damp conditions or where water is readily available
- Has a larger gametophyte stage than sporophyte stage
- Lacks a vascular system
- mosses
- Not all plants which are called mosses are bryophytes
i. e. Spanish moss (flowering), i.e. Club moss (lycopod), Liverworts and Hornworts
Plant Classification
- Is the process of categorizing plants
- Is the systematic arrangement of plants into groups and subgroups based on common characteristics
- Is useful because it accurately describes plants and creates organization and structure to clarify distinctions between plants
Plant Taxonomy
- Was developed by Carl Linnaeus; AKA the father of taxonomy
- Is the science of systematically naming and organizing organisms into similar groups
- uses physical and structural characteristics to name and organize plants
- Is based on structural similarities and common ancestry
- Is a type of plant classification which uses a hierarchy system for classification
- each rank is interpreted differently by different taxonomists
Plant Parts
Are physical attributes which are used to classify plants more easily Include: leaves flowers fruit stems seeds
Leaf Edges
AKA leaf margins
Vary in texture and appearance
Are a major characteristic in the determination of plant type
Leaf Shape
Is of major importance in identifying plants
Includes:
-blade shape: shape of the entire leaf
-leaf apex shape: tip of the leaf
-leaf base shape: base of the leaf where it connects to the node
Leaf Venation
Is a term used to describe the pattern in which leaf veins are organized
Is split into two principal types:
parallel-veined leaves: numerous veins run parallel to each other
net-veined leaves: veins branch from main midrib(s) and subdivide into a complicated network of veins
Leaf Arrangement
on stems and petioles
- Is a characteristic used in identifying plants
- Describes the position and location of leaves on the stem of the plant
On Stems: four types
alternate: 1 staggered arrangement along stem
opposite: leaf pairs arranged directly across from each other
rosette: leaves located at base; arranged in a spiralcluster
whorled: leaves are arranged in a ring
On Petioles: two types
compound: many leaflets arise from the same petiole
-pinnately compound: leaflets arranged on both sides of a stem
-palmately compound: leaflets radiate from a central point
double
-pinnately compound: double set of compound leaflets
Simple: leaf blade is one continuous unit
