Green Chemistry Flashcards
Principle 1
Waste prevention:
It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created.
Principle 2
Atom economy:
Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.
Principle 3
Less hazardous chemical synthesis:
Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.
Principle 4
Designing safer chemicals:
Chemical products should be designed to effect their desired function while minimizing their toxicity.
Principle 5
Safer solvents and auxiliaries:
The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents, separation agents) should be made unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used.
Principle 6
Design for energy efficiency:
Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. If possible, synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.
Principle 7
Use of renewable feedstocks:
A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practicable.
Principle 8
Reduce derivatives:
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/deprotection, temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible, because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.
Principle 9
Catalysis:
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.
Principle 10
Design for degradation:
Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they break down into innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment.
Principle 11
Real-time analysis for pollution prevention:
Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.
Principle 12
Inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention:
Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.
environmental factor (E-factor)
the ratio of waste produced by a chemical process to the amount of product obtained in that process. A smaller ratio represents a greener, more sustainable process.
effective mass yield (EMY)
A modification of the E-factor is the effective mass yield (EMY), which is the ratio of product mass to the mass of all hazardous materials used in the process. A larger ratio represents a greener, more sustainable process.
process mass intensity (PMI)
ratio of the mass of all materials used in the synthesis of a product to the mass of the product produced. Although it is similar to the E-factor, PMI focuses instead on reducing the amount of materials that are put into making a product as opposed to the E-factor’s focus on the waste generated.
