Greek Core Flashcards
Revolt of Inaros
Date: 460-454
Thucydides, 1.104 - Persia loses ground to Athens
Thucydides, 1.109-10 - Persia tries to bribe Sparta to distract Athens; Sends Megabyzus to Egypt whi wins in a battle and final siege; Regain Egypt, Inaros captured and killed
Erechtheis Tribe casualty list (460/459) - deaths in Egypt (as well as Cyprus, Phoenicia, Halieis, Aegina, Megara)
Croesus
Coinage - minting of electrum coinage
Artemision at Ephesos: marble, Ionic, reliefs inc. on column bases
—> inspired by original Rhoikos temple at Samos (dipteral); competition with the temple of Apollo at Didyma
Dedications: at Delphi (gold lions, ingots of precious metals); at Ephesos (columns, sacrifices, etc)
Tribute over the Ionians on the mainland
Hdt. 1.84: Sardis falls to Cyrus (546 BCE) [after Croesus attempted to halt his expansion]
Croesus on the pyre - RF amphora - 500-490 - Myson -> Croesus on pyre, dressed in extravagant clothing, a laurel, and sceptre and phiale held
Egypt
Coinage: in bronze (uncommon)
Psammetichos I and II: Use of Greek mercenaries (inscriptions indicate Greek actvity in region)
Amasis (dies c.526?)
—> Hdt. 3.39-43: alliance with Samos (Polykrates and good fortune)
—> Fell out somehow and Polykrates tries to help Cambyses capture Egypt (Amasis dies by the time the invasion takes place)
Udjahorresnet was in Cambyses’ court in Egypt
—> inscription on his statue: Cambyses takes the title of the pharaohs (King of Upper and Lower Egypt) and follows expected practices (‘He made a great prostration before her majesty [goddess Neith], as every king has done’)
Inaros’ revolt (460-454) - has its own card
Persia
Treatment of subject peoples: tribute to Ionians but some cities thrive under them (Naxos and Miletos), Egypt (Udjahorresnet and Apis Bull inscriptions)
Dealing with revolt (uh oh): pretty brutal (levelling of Miletos in 494, trawling, etc (see Ionia cards))
Relationship with tyrants/foreign politicians:
—> Ionian tyrants: the bridge debate with Scythians
—> Aristagoras: oopsies
—> Hdt. 3.39-60: Samian tyrant restored after deserting Ionians during revolt (a reward)
—> Hippias with Persians during Marathon
—> Pausanias and Themistokles accused of medism (Pausanias dies in Sparta after being captured (Thuc. 1.134), Themistokles flees to Artaxerxes (Thuc. 137-8)
Apadana stairs (Persepolis) - “Yauna” among other peoples, all waiting to give tribute to Darius; they carry linen and twine (already in empire)
Bisitun inscription - Darius priorities in reign (Greece useful as legitimacy through military but that’s kind of it)
Hdt. 5.80-3: debate on the type of government (Darius wins with monarchy)
—> so?
Hdt. 5.89: Organisation of the satrapies and tribute (5.89-97 = a list of satrapies and gifts)
Hdt. 6.94: Attendent reminding Darius of Athens; Marathon expeditio begun under Datis and Artaphrenes
Hdt. 8.115: Xerxes leaves Europe
Thucydides, 1.100: Eurymedon (466?): Lose foothold over Greeks entirely, Athens dominates sea and costal regions
Erga of Samos
Tunnel: 1036m, mid-6th and finished c.530 -> maintenance pots found in the tunnel
—> provides drinking water in sieges (Sparta, Persia, because Samian pirates?)
—> Hdt. 3.60: built by Eupalinos (a Megarian) but probabaly a local worker (local technical ability)
Rhoikos temple: c.575-560, flooded within 10 years
—> larger one begun c.530s, not completed by Polykrates but finished c.510-500
—> 55x112m; 123 columns (dipteral with 3rd row on short ends)
—> international significance (site of Hera’s birth) - treasuries? and the huge altars
Mole: mid-6th/5th remains below the Hellenistic mole
—> 35x370m in Hdt but actually a bit smaller
—> protect ships - piracy?
Wealth, technical ability, stability, foresight, needs of Samians (defence, trade)
Threat of Persia? Threat of Sparta? Pirates?
Polykrates
Dates: 53something - 522
From a noble family - part of the Geomoroi (land owning/oligarch class)
Toppled Geomoroi during festival of Hera with 2 brothers (who he later killed) and siezed Acropolis
Thucydides 1.13: Polykrates captures islands - inc. Rhenea (given to the Delian Apollo) - campaigns in Ionia, captures trade routes (money)
—> Samian fleet is manoeuverable, fast, greater capacity
Hdt. 3.39-60: Samos and Polykrates
Hdt. 4.40-3: Amasis and fortune test
Hdt. 3.44-5: Tries to send men to Cambyses’ Egypt campaign but they do not go [try and lead attack on Samos with the help of Sparta]
Hdt. 3.54-6: Sparta fails in Samos
Hdt. 3.120-5: Killed by Oroites - ambushed, killed badly, corpse crucified at Mykale
Hdt. 3.147-9: Samians slaughtered by Persians when envoys visit after Polykrates’ death
Hdt 8.85: Samians show notable bravery for Persia at Salamis
Ionia in general
Hdt. 4.136-142: Scythians ask Ionians to destroy Darius’ bridge
—> Miltiades argues yes, Histiaeus argues no (need Persians)
Hdt. 5.28: Naxos (Aegean), Miletos (Ionia) under at height under Persia
Hdt. 5.99-100: Attack on Sardis (5.103 - Abandoned by Athens)
Hdt. 6.18: Miletos destroyed in response for Ionian revolt
—> 6.31-2: Punishment of Ionians - trawled, burned, castrate, slaves
Hdt. 6.42: Artaphrenes’ tribute assessed - used by Athens later and similar to Lydian one before
Hdt. 6.43: Mardinos institutes democracies in Ionia; campaign fails (Hdt. 6.44-5)
Sparta temples
Athena Chalkioikos
Artemis Orthia
Sparta: Archaeology
Hero reliefs - seated couples -> single standing/seated male
Dioscuri reliefs - Castor and Pollux (heroes with local significance)
—> both these fit with “new” ideal of correct public contributions and state pride
Korai and kouroi - very uncommon -> Kleobis and Bition?
Only one monumental Classical statue = “Leonidas” - athletic victor
Decline in BF pottery exports from mid-6th onwards - non-figured does continue but not in huge amounts
—> unique iconography: youth btwn winged horses, hero vs. snake
—> hoplites/athletes more common in mid-6th
Ivory and lead figurines
—> Development from short/broad torso to more realistic proportions/muscles by end 6th
—> animals (stags), running woman (bronze), soldiers; hoplites and athletes increase 550-500
—> often dedicated at Orthia - peak in 580-500 (860 a year)
BUT decline in lead figures 500-425
—> increase in brinze during the period
Public projects: Serpent column, statues of Pausanias, Athena Chalkioikos
No wall; 4 komai
Sparta: Texts
Trytaeus: 7th c
—> fr. 5 (West): death in battle and fighting for state = glory
—> fr. 4 (West): the Great Rhetra?? probably not - possibly more of an order for the people to accept all decrees proposed to them
—> fr. 2 (West): obey the kings as since they are ‘closer to the race of gods’
Alkman: 7th c
—> fr. 1 (Campbell) swooning over two girls dancing at a festival - sympotic imagery?
Herodotos: mid-5th
—> 1.65-8: Lycurgus’ reforms - messes, Gerousia, ephors - and capture of Tegea
—> 5.62-5: help removes the Peisistratids after Alkmaionidai maybe bribes the Pythia
—> 6.51-60 : ethnographic description - Lycurgus not mentioned; customs compared to Asia (6.58) and Egypt (6.60)
—> 7.210: Thermopylae
—> 9.65: success at Plataia
Thucydides: mid 5th to c.411
—> 1.10: strength of Sparta not reflected in architecture
—> 1.19: Spartan power via setting up oligarchies
—> 1.102: helots in Ithome hold out under siege; Kimon brings Athenians when asked
——> 1.103: Athens sent away, siege lasts 10 years, treaty (advised by Pythia), helots leave
Xenophon, Constitution of Lacedaimonia: first half of 4th
—> attributes constitution to Lycurgus
—> 1: education of women - exercise and contests
—> 2: agoge - tough, practical, communal education
—> 5: communal mess halls (peers over family)
—> 6: men the ‘master’ of others’ kids too (peers over family)
Aristotle, Politics: second half of 4th
—> very critical of Gerousia, helots, hereditary kingship
—> 1269a: Lycurgus ‘neglected’ laws for women - none
—> 1270a: freedom of women during campaigns led to people for support
—> 1270b: ephors = ‘tyranny’ so kings look to people for support [balence or crisis?]
Plutarch, Lycurgus: 2nd CE
—> 5: push and pull between tyranny and democracy balnced by oligarchy - ‘the state was unstable’
—> 18: boys’ education, stealing
—> 28: treatment of helots = ‘brutal’ - not in law, developed later
Corinth
Coinage indicates identifying symbol (Pegasos) and its colonies
Earliest symposion scene on pottery - c.600 - BF - Eurytos krater
—> Herakles and Eurytos reclining with beards and cups; Iphitos and Iole also there
Hdt. 3.48-53 and 5.92: Tyranny under Perikles (diolkos, coinage)
Thucydides, 1.13: wealth and influnce due to location at the Isthmus - control via land and navy
Aigina
Saronic Gulf: 21 miles from the Piraeus and visible from the Athenian Acropolis
Hdt. 5.83: Escapes cnotrol of Epidauros with navy
Economy built on piracy and trade (only 45% of island arable land)
—> Coinage shows rise and fall of Aigina and its trade importance
Relationship with Athens:
Heraldless war with Athens for the three or so decades before 480
—> Hdt. 6.49: GIves earth and water to Darius in 491 - leads to intervention by Kleomenes and hostages sent to Athens
Became allies during Xerxes’ invasion (a place for refugees)
c. 457 becomes a tribute paying state to Athens; navy destroyed
—> citizens expelled from island in 431
Temple of Aphaia - Doric temple in 570-50 burns down and rebuilt from c.510
—> Dates of the pediments hard to place
—> First set c.490 of an abduction scene and an Amazonomachy
—> New west side: Sack of Troy by Herakles and Telamon, Athena at the centre
—> New east side: Sack of Troy by Greeks led by Agamemnon, Athena at the centre
Change? both after 480 with two artists with different styles?
Choice to change? Truce with Athens (Athena)? Persia?
Coinage
Lydia:
Earliest coins - electrum, standard = Milesian = 14.2g, denominations from 1/96th to 1/2 stater
Artemesian horde (Ephesos) - under the temple (funded in part by Croesus) foundations (terminus ante quem = 560)
—> Mix: uncoined bullion, incuse punches, types and/or striations; same punches used for plain and type pieces so development quick
—> Purpose? standardised values (standards) and guaranteeing authority (punches/types) - e.g. lion for Lydia
—> Application: state pay and trade
Hdt. 1.94: Lydia first to strike coins
Aigina: no silver mines of its own but earliest coinig polis on the mainland (earliest turtle types c.580-70)
Development:
—> pre-550: ingots -> experimentation in design -> c.515: massive hike in production (coins found in Apadana foundations (514-11))
—> stylised turtle type - usually 5 divisions -> 2 extra by shoulders c.470-445
—> c.490-75 decline due to an increase in Athenian coinage
—> c.445 turtle becomes a tortoise with squared shell and feet
Purposes:
—> trading with emporion in Naukratis - low denominatons and guaranteed weights
—> wide distribution (Crete, Cyclades, Egypt, Asia Minor)
—> standard (12.2g stater) and types in Cyclades
Corinth: from the 3rd quarter of the 6th century with consistent use of Pegasos and Aphrodite/Athena
—> colonies mint with its standard and Pegasos type
Sparta: no coinage
Athens:
Only elctrum coins on the mainland - connection with Ionia? (trade benefits?) Brought to Athens by Peisistratos while exiled in Thrace? (pay Eretrian mercenaries?); Bull and owl types
Wappenmunzen - mid-6th - local and foreign silver - range of denominations and 14 obverse dies
—> types: bulls, horses, amphorae, owls - magistrate’s choice
Owls - found in hordes after c.500 so from late 6th century
—> under Hippias? or early democracy?
—> Portrait of Athena (helmeted) and owl and olive branch; legend (AΘE)
—>Wreath leaves on her helmet after 480
—> Archaising: AΘE not AΘH, portrait style
—> Attic-Euboic standard and Athenian coinage dominated in 5th (tribute and high production)
—–> Denominations = largest of 17.28g was the tetradrachm and smallest 0.044g (1/48th of the average minimum wage)
—–> More fractions minted before 480 (defence?) and mid-5th (state pay?)
Macedonian communties: use coinage to measure the values of their mined bullion - with large denominations (9.2g stater and up)
Kolophon: coins in horde (525-500) - 900 coins, 400 different obverse dies, weights 0.21g and 0.42g
—> small and everyday
Egypt: weird bronze coinage
West: Thurii (colony in Italy) and Akragas (Sicily) have bronze coins; silver coins often from Corinth
Extra Herodotos-es
6.101: Etretria destroyed in 490
7.132: List of Greeks who submitted to Xerxes
—> 7.133: no heralds were sent to Athens or Sparta
9.70: Victory at Plataia
9.81: Snake column and tripod at Delphi
9.86-8: Thebes country wrecked/towns sieged for medism
West
Corinthian coinage found in west a lot - colonies and relationship with the mainland
Selinous - Sacred Law including truce (ekecheiria) for the Olympic games between c.460-50 (SEG 48 630)
Alliance bronze??
Syracuse:
Gelon takes power in 485 during a civil war between the oligarchs (Gamaroi) and democrats
—> keeps power and builds up harbour and fortifications for navy
—> Hdt. 7.156: wealthy Silicians of conquered towns relocated to Syracuse; the poor sold to slavery
—> Marries to Akragas’ tyrant Theron’s daughter - this allinace formed just before 480 (Carthage scared?)
Himera: battle of Himera apparently on the same day as Salamis (480)
—> Ended Carthaginian intervention for 70 years
—> Pindar, Pythian Odes, 1.75-9: thanks to tyrant Gelon for Himera alongside the battles of Salamis and Plataia
—> Coin: obv - portrait of Arethousa (nymph associated with Syracuse/Sicily) with four dolphins; rev - a bearded man on 4-horse chariot with Nike flying above
—> Tripod dedicated in thanks for Himera at Delphi
Hieron tyrant after Gelon in 478
—> more expansion into Italy
—> defeats Etruscans at Cumae in c.474 - dedicates bronze Etruscan helmet with an inscription at Olympia
—> Pindar, Pythian Odes, 1: Hieron’s victory for chariot racing at Delphi
Hdt: 7.155: Gelon gets Syracuse
Hdt. 157-62: Gelon denies to help Greeks against Xerxes
