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Greece Flashcards

1
Q

Where were the first vineyards in France?

A

Marseille, when it was the Greek colony of Massalia

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2
Q

When was Greek wine law created?

A

1969 and 1970

Most appelations established in 1971

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3
Q

What are the two levels of PDO

A

Controlled Appellation of Origin (OPE) for Sweet

Appellation of Superior Quality (OPAP) for dry wines

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4
Q

How long are Greek PDO “Reserve” wines aged for?

A

White: 1 year, w 6 mo in barrel (<600 L) and 3 in btl
Red: 2 yrs, w w 1 yr in barrrel and 6 mo in btl

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5
Q

How long are Greek PDO “Grand Reserve” wines aged for?

A

white: 2 yrs, w 1 yr barrel and 6 mo ntl
red: 4 yrs, w 18 mo barrel and 18 mo btl

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6
Q

What categories fall below PDO wines?

A

PGI
Varietal
Table
Traditional (considered PGI)

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7
Q

What the the “Traditional Appelations” of Greece?

A

Retsina

Verdea

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8
Q

What is Verdea?

A

Dry, oxidative white from the island of Zakynthos, based on min 51% Skiadopoulo

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9
Q

Where and when did Greek wine production begin?

A

Crete around 2500 BCE

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10
Q

How did Phylloxera in France affect Greece?

A

Greece had a huge economy based on importing raisins which the french would steep in water and then ferment

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11
Q

When did phylloxera arrive in Greece?

A

1898 in the north

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12
Q

When was Porto Carras founded? Who was the consultant?

A

1970

Emile Peynaud

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13
Q

What are the grapes of Retsina?

A

Savatiano and Roditis

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14
Q

What is Kokkinelli?

A

Rose Retsina produced from Roditis (which is pink-skinned)

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15
Q

What is the range of the final volume of retsina that can be pine resin?

A

0.15-1%

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16
Q

What countries border Greece, West to east?

A

Albania
FYROM/Macedonia
Bulgaria
Turkey

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17
Q

What is the main mountain range of greece?

A

the Pindos, southernmost extension of the alps

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18
Q

How high is Mt Olympus?

A

nearly 3,000 meters (9,850 ft)

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19
Q

What seas surround Greece?

A

Aegean to the east
Ionian to the west
Libyan to the south of Crete

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20
Q

How are the Aegean islands divided?

A

Cyclades (including Santorini), the Dodecanese, and the North Aegean Islands
Crete stands alone

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21
Q

What island is considered to be a part of Sterea Ellada despite being in the Aegean?

A

Evia

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22
Q

What are the major regions of mainland Greece?

A 
Macedonia
Thrace
Epirus
Thessaly
Sterea Ellada (Central Greece)
Peloponnese
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23
Q

What separates Peloponnese from mainland Greece?

A

Corinthian Gulf

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24
Q

much of Greece’s mountains are formed by protruding oceanic crust. What does this mean for the soil?

A

Much limestone, low fertility

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25
Q

Areas of Greece with continental climates

A

Epirus
central Peloponnese
western Thessaly
western Macedonia

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26
Q

What is the hottest, driest part of Greece?

A

Attica (surrounding Athens in Central Greece)

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27
Q

Whata re the coolest areas of Greece?

A

Epirus and Amynteo

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28
Q

What is the Meltemi?

A

A wind that sweeps across the Aegean when a high pressure system falls over the balkans and a low pressure system sits over Turkey. Blows very dry air from the north from mid-May to Sept.

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29
Q

What is Tsipouro?

A

Greek Grappa

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30
Q

What was the first area in Greece to be legally deliniated?

A

Thrace

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31
Q

How many PDOs are there total?

A

33

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32
Q

Which 2 PDOs are not dedicated to indigenous varieties?

A

Slopes of Meliton

Messenikola

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33
Q

How are Greek Vin Naturellement Doux wines produced?

A

Dried grape wines, unfortifed

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34
Q

How are Greek Vin Doux wines produced?

A

VdN

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35
Q

What is used to fortify Greek Vin Doux?

A

Tsipouro

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36
Q

Aprox. what percentage of Greek production is PDO level?

A

a little under 20%

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37
Q

To be a PDO, what percentage of the fruit must grown and vinified within the appelation?

A

100% grown and vinified within the PDO

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38
Q

What are the levels of Greek PGIs?

A

Largest to smallest:
Regional
District
Area (can be as small as a single vineyard)

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39
Q

Can Retsina be vintage dated?

A

NO

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40
Q

What does Asproudi mean?

A

Unknown white grape. A generic term

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41
Q

What does the word Cava imply on a Greek label?

A

For PGI and Varietal wines only. No PDO.
White: 1 year w 6 mo in barrel
Red: 3 yrs w 1 yr in barrel

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42
Q

What does Mavroudi mean?

A

Unknown red grape, generally indigenous

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43
Q

What does “Paleomenos se Vareli” imply on a label?

A

For PDO, PGI and varietal wines with an aging indication, this indicates extended oak aging beyond the minimum

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44
Q

What is Mandilaria known for?

A

Red grape grown in the Greek Islands, known most for its dark color.

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45
Q

What is the mot planted grape in Greece?

A

Savatiano

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46
Q

What is above Thrace? Below it?

A

Bulgaria to the north, Aegean Sea to the south

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47
Q

What shields Thrace from cool northerly winds?

A

The Rodopi mountains

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48
Q

What are the PDOs of Thrace?

A

None

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49
Q

Why are many larger Greek wineries composed of a collection of smaller wineries?

A

becasue PDO law mandates that wines be vinified within the PDO area

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50
Q

What and where is Greece’s second largest city?

A

Thessaloniki in Macedonia

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51
Q

What is the dominant soil of Amynteo PDO?

A

Sand.

There are some own rooted vines here

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52
Q

What styles can be made in Amynteo PDO?

A

Sparkling Rose (dry and semi-sweet) (traditional method or tank)
Dry, still Rose
Dry Red
all 100% Xinomavro

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53
Q

What is Amynteo PDO’s elevation?

And Naoussa’s?

A

Amynteo: 520-720 meters (1,705-2,630 ft)
Naoussa: 80-350 meters (260-1,150 ft)

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54
Q

What producer was the first to bottle wine in Greece? Where?

A

Boutari in Naoussa

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55
Q

How many crus of Naoussa? Name 3

A 
13
Trifolos
Ramnista
Fytia
Yiannakohori
Gastra
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56
Q

What styles are allowed in Naoussa PDO?

A

all red, 100% Xinomavro
Dry (0-4 g rs)
Semi-Dry (4.5-17.5 g rs)
Semi-Sweet (17.5-45 g rs)

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57
Q

Where in Goumenissa PDO?

A

northeast of Naoussa, at the foot of Mount Paiko. Warmest of the Xino-PDOs

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58
Q

What is the cepage and style of Goumenissa PDO?

A

XInomavro co-fermented w min 20% Negoska

riper, more generous style

59
Q

Where is Macedonia is Slopes of Meliton PDO?

A

an area called Halkidiki, the three fingered peninsulas. It is on the middle peninsula

60
Q

What is the sole estate of Slopes of Meliton PDO?

A

Domaine Porto Carras

61
Q

What are the wines of Slopes of Meliton PDO?

A

White: dry, still. Roditis, Assyrtiko, plus Athiri
Red: Dry, still. CS plus Lemnio and CF

62
Q

Where is Gerovassiliou located?

A

Epanomi, near Thessaloniki

63
Q

What is Siatista?

A

An Area PGI in western Macedonia for traditional sweet wine from dried Xinomavro and Moschomavro

64
Q

What region surrounds Mount Olympus?

A

Thessalia PGI

65
Q

What regions do the Pindos Mountains mark the border of?

A

Macedonia and Thessalia

66
Q

What is most common soil of Thessalia?

A

Schist and grey clay

67
Q

What are the PDOs of Thessalia?

A

Rapsani PDO
Anchialos PDO
Messenikola PDO

68
Q

What is Greece’s smallest PDO? What size is it?

A

Rapsani PDO
60 ha
(also the most important PDO of Thessalia)

69
Q

What producer vinifies ~95% of Rapsani’s fruit?

A

Tsantali

70
Q

What is the style and cepage of Rapsani?

A

Still, dry red (can be reserve or grand reserve)

Xinomavro with Krasato and Stavroto (traditionally equal parts and cofermented, but that’s no longer the case)

71
Q

What is the style and cepage of Messenikola PDO?

A

Still, dry red
min 70% Mavro Mesenikola
max 30% combined Syrah and Carignan

72
Q

What is the style and cepage of Anchialos PDO?

A

White (dry, semi-dry, semi sweet)
Min 80% Roditis
max 20% Savatiano

73
Q

what is the aging regulation for Anchialos PDO semi-dry and semi-sweet wines?

A

Oak aging is forbidden

74
Q

What is the westernmost region of mainland Greece?

A

Epirus

75
Q

What is the PDO of Epirus?

A

Zitsa PDO

76
Q

What is the style and cepage of Zitsa PDO?

A

Still dry white
Sparkling white (dry or semi-dry)
100% Debina

77
Q

What is the method and rs for Sparkling wines from Zitsa?

A

Traditional method or tank
Dry: 17-32 g/l rs
Semi-dry: 32-50 g/l rs

78
Q

What is the climate of Zitsa PDO?

A

Cool continental
Influenced by Pindos Mountains to the east and Ionian Sea to the west.
500-700 meters elevation

79
Q

PDOs of Sterea Ellada?

A

None

80
Q

What is Greece’s second largest island?

A

Evia

81
Q

What is physically the largest PDO of Greece?

A

Patras PDO

82
Q

PDOs of Peleponnese

A 
Nemea PDO
Mantinia PDO
Patras PDO
Monemvassia-Malvasia PDO
Mavrodaphne of Patras PDO
Muscat of Patras PDO
Muscat of Rio Patras PDO
83
Q

Styles and cepage of Nemea PDO?

A 
red only, 100% Agioritiko
Dry
Semisweet
Vin Doux (VdL)
V Doux Naturel (VdN)
Sweet dried grape wine
84
Q

What is the most famous Agioritiko-Cabernet blend?

A

Domaine Skouras’s Megas Oenos

85
Q

What are the altitude zones of Nemea PDO?

A

200-450 meters (sweet and light, fruity dry reds)
450-650 meters (Serious red)
650-850 meters (historically PGI rose, but now elegant reds too)

86
Q

What is the”cru” of Nemea? What is its altitude?

A

Koutsi

650 m

87
Q

What PDO is the coolest and most continental in Peloponnese?

A

Mantinia PDO
750 m
Winter snow is common

88
Q

What are the styles and cepage of Mantinia PDO?

A

Min 85% Moscholfilero, plus Asproudes (often Glikerithra)
Still, dry white (can be Vin Gris via skin contact)
Sparkling white (Brut Nature through Doux)

89
Q

Where in Peloponnese is Patras PDO located?

A

In Achaia PGI

Northernmost coast of Peloponnese. Dramatic mountains

90
Q

What is the style and cepage of Patras PDO?

A

still dry white
Semi-dry white
Semi-sweet white
100% Roditis

91
Q

WHat wine is Mavrodaphne of Patras PDO modeled after?

A

Port

Gustav Clauss of Achaia Clauss spent time in portugal before opening his winery in Achaia

92
Q

What are the styles, cepage and aging of Mavrodaphne of Patras PDO?

A 
Natural sweet red (VdL from dried grapes)
Sweet red (VdL from non-dried grapes with the addition of additional must)
Mavrodaphne w max 49% Mavri Korinthiaki
93
Q

What are the aging requirements for Mavrodaphne of Patras PDO?

A

min 1 year in barrel
Reserve: 2 years cask, 1 btl
Vieille: five yrs, w 2 in cask and 2 in btl
Grande Reserve: seven years, w 3 in cask and 3 in btl
Can be solera

94
Q

What is the grape and styles of both Muscat of Patras PDO and Muscat of Rio Patras PDO?

A 
both 100% Muscat Blanc a Petit Grains
VDN
VDN Grand Cru
VDL
Liastos
95
Q

What are the stylistic differences between Muscat of Patras PDO and Muscat of Rio Patras PDO?

A

Muscat of Patras PDO is richer and heavier

Muscat of Rio Patras PDO is more high-toned and floral

96
Q

What is the cepage and styles of Monemvasia-Malvasia PDO?

A

Min 51% Monemvassia, plus Assyrtiko, Asproudes
Vin Liastos
VDN (still made w dried grapes

97
Q

What is the aging of Monemvasia-Malvasia PDO?

A

Min 2 yrs in an oxidative environment

if the wine is aged for a longer period, it may be aged for 4 years, or in multiples of 4 years thereafter

98
Q

How many Ionian Islands?

How many that produce wine?

A

7

4

99
Q

What are the 4 Ionian Islands that produce wine?

A

Cephalonia
Zakynthos
Lefkada
Corfu

100
Q

What event nearly destroyed Cephalonia’s wine industry?

A

A devasting earthquake in 1953

101
Q

What are the PDOs of Cephalonia?

A

Robola of Cephalonia PDO
Muscat of Cephalonia PDO
Mavrodaphne of Cephalonia PDO

102
Q

What are the styles and cepage of Mavrodaphne of Cephalonia PDO?

A

Fortified sweet red only (VDN)

min 50% Mavrodaphne, plus Mavri Korinthiaki (must be cofemrented if present)

103
Q

What are the styles and cepage of Muscat of Cephalonia PDO?

A 
VDN
VDN Grand Cru
VDL
Liastos
100% Moscato Aspro (Blanc a petit grains)
104
Q

What are the styles and cepage of Robola of Cephalonia PDO?

A

Dry white

100% Robola

105
Q

How old must vines be before harvesting in Cephalonia?

A

3 years for Muscat of Cephalonia PDO

4 yrs for Robola of Cephalonia PDO

106
Q

What is the well-regarded Mavrodaphne clone found in Cephalonia?

A

Tsigelo

107
Q

Where are the oldest vines in Greece?

A

The Cyclades. The soils were too poor for Phylloxera

108
Q

Why are co-ops so prevalent in the Aegean wine industry?

A

in the late 1800s much of their grapes were turned into raisins and sold to France. When France recovered from phylloxera, the Aegean industry plummeted.

109
Q

What are two names for Santorini’s vine training system?

A

Kouloura

Stefani

110
Q

What are the styles and cepage for Santorini PDO?

A 
Dry white
Nychteri
Vinsanto
For Dry wines, min 75% Assyrtiko
For Vinsanto, min 51% Assyrtiko
blended w Aidani and Athiri
111
Q

What are the requirements for Nychteri?

A

13.5% alcohol
grapes are picked at night
Aged in barrel for at least 3 months, often longer
sometimes flor develops

112
Q

What are the requirements for Vinsanto?

A

Grapes are dried. STart at 260 g/l, finish at 370 g/l.
Aged min 2 yrs in barrel, either on Thera or Thirasia.
If given an age statement, must be aged oxidatively for min 4 years, and age statements must be a multiple of 4.

113
Q

What are the islands of production of Santorini PDO?

A

Thera and Thirasia

114
Q

What are the PDOs of Paros?

A

Paros PDO

Malvasia Paros PDO

115
Q

What are the styles and cepages of Paros PDO?

A

Dry White, 100% Monemvasia

Dry Red, co-ferment of min 35% Mandelaria w Monemvasia

116
Q

What is the only PDO that allows for a white grape to be included in a dry red?

A

Paros PDO

117
Q

What are the styles, cepage and aging of Malvasia Paros PDO?

A 
Fortified Liastos
Liastos
min 85% Monemvasia
max 15% Assyrtiko
Min 2 yrs in oxidative environment (oak)
May be vintage dated after 2 years
May carry age statement in 4 year increments, which is an average of the blend
118
Q

What PDOs are in the Dodecanese?

A

Rhodes PDO

Muscat of Rhodes PDO

119
Q

What are the styles for Rhodes PDO?

A 
White: 
Dry
Lefkos Medium Dry
Lefkos Semisweet
Red:
Dry
Semi-dry
Semisweet
Rose:
Dry
semi-dry
Semisweet
Quality Sparkling White and Rose (full sweetness spectrum)
120
Q

What are cepages for Rhodes PDO?

A

White: min 70% Athiri, plus Assyrtiko and Malagousia

Red/Rose: min 70% Mandilaria, plus Mavrothiriko

121
Q

What is Rhodes PDO known for?

A

Sparkling white and rose

Must undergo secondary fermentation, in tank or bottle

122
Q

What is the cepage and style of Muscat of Rhodes PDO?

A 
100% Muscat Blanc a petit grains
Liastos
VDN
VDN Grand Cru
VDL
123
Q

WHat is the dominant producer on Samos?

A

United Winemaking Agricultural Cooperative of Samos

UWC Samos

124
Q

What are UWC Samos’s top bottlings?

A

Nectar (liastos, unfortified, aged 6 yrs in barrel)
Anthemia (VDL, aged ~5 yrs in barrel)
Grand Cru (min 400 meters alt, “driest” of the sweet wines, VDN after an extended fermentation, no oak)

125
Q

Styles and cepage of Samos PDO

A 
VDN
VDN Grand Cru
VDL
Liastos
100% Moschato Aspro
126
Q

What are the styles and cepages of Lemnos PDO?

A 
White:
Dry
Semi-Dry
Semi-Sweet
all 100% Moschato Alexandrias
Dry Red
100% Limnio (Kalampaki)
Liastos
VDL from Liastos
127
Q

What are the styles and cepage of Muscat of Lemnos PDO?

A

Liastos
VDN
VDN Grand Cru
VDL

128
Q

Explain the climate of Crete

A

Generally hot and dry

North is cooler are mountains block hot winds blowing up from Africa. West is slightly cooler and rainier than east

129
Q

What are the PDOs of Crete?

A 
Sitia PDO
Peza PDO
Daphnes PDO
Archanes PDO
Candia PDO
Malvasia Candia PDO
Malvasia Sitia PDO
130
Q

What are the styles and cepages of Peza PDO?

A

Dry white
Dry red
White: 100% Vilana
Red: Kotsifali and Mandilaria

131
Q

What are the styles and cepages of Archanes PDO?

A

Dry Red only

Kotsifali and Mandilaria

132
Q

What are the styles and cepages of Daphnes PDO?

A 
Red only:
Dry
Sweet red (VDL)
VDN
VDN Grand Cru
Liastos
100% Liatiko
133
Q

What are the styles and cepage of Candia PDO?

A

Dry White
Dry Red
White: min 85% Vilana, plus Vidiano, Assyrtiko, Thrapsathiri, Liatiko (BdN), Athiri
Red: min 70% Kotsifali, plus Mandilaria

134
Q

What are the styles and cepages for Malvasia Candia PDO?

A

VDN
Vin Naturallement Doux/Liastos
Assyrtiko, Athiri, Vidiano, Thrapsathiri, Liatiko (BdN), plus max 15% Malvasia di Candia Aromatica and Muscat Blanc

135
Q

What are the styles and cepages of Sitia PDO?

A 
Dry White 
min 70% Vilana, plus Thrapsathiri
Dry Red
min 80% Liatiko, plus Mandilaria
Sweet Red VDL
Red VDN
100% Liatiko
Liastos
136
Q

What are the styles and cepages of Malvasia Sitia PDO?

A

White VDN
White Naturally Sweet
Assyrtiko, Athiri, Vidiano, Thrapsathiri, Liatiko (BdN)
max 15% Malvasia Cadia Aromatica and Muscat BaPG

137
Q

What are the oak and sugar requirements for Malvasia Sitia PDO?

A

Min 2 yrs oak

Naturally sweet wine: 80 g/l rs

138
Q

Which PDOs of Crete are for dry wine only?

A

Peza PDO
Archanes PDO (red only)
Candia PDO

139
Q

Which PDOs are for sweet Muscat?

A 
Samos PDO
Muscat of Patras PDO
Muscat of Rio Patras PDO
Muscat of Cephalonia PDO
Muscat of Rhodes PDO
Muscat of Lemnos PDO* 
*only one for Muscat of Alexandria
140
Q

Which PDOs have VDN Grand Cru sites?

A 
Muscat of Rhodes PDO
Muscat of Lemnos PDO
Samos PDO
Daphnes PDO*
Muscat of Cephalonia PDO
Muscat of Patras PDO
Muscat of Rio Patras PDO
*only non-muscat Grand Cru
141
Q

Which PDOs allow for sparkling wine?

A

Rhodes PDO
Amynteo PDO
Mantinia PDO
Zitsa PDO

142
Q

Which PDOs allow for Rose?

A

Amynteo PDO

Rhodes PDO

143
Q

Put the PDO of Crete West to east

A 
Daphnes PDO
Archanes PDO
Candia PDO
Peza PDO
Sitia PDO

Eastern Europe (9 decks)

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