GRE Vocab 2 - roots Flashcards
A/AN
not, without
amoral
neither moral nor immoral; having no relation to morality
atypical
not typical
AB
off, away from, apart, down
abject
cast down; degraded
abstract
conceived apart from concrete realities, specific objects, or actual instances
AC/ACR
sharp, bitter, sour
acerbic
sour or astringent in taste; harsh in temper
acid
something that is sharp, sour, or ill-natured
acrimonious
caustic, stinging, or bitter in nature
acumen
mental sharpness; quickness of wit
acute
sharp at the end; ending in a point
exacerbate
to increase bitterness or violence; aggravate
ACT/AG
to do, to drive, to force, to lead
pedagogue
a teacher
synagogue
a gathering or congregation of Jews for the purpose of religious worship
AD
to, toward, near
Often the d is dropped and the first letter to which a is prefixed is doubled.
accede
to yield to a demand; to enter office
adjoin
to be close or in contact with
AL/ALI/ALTER
other, another
alibi
the defense by an accused person that he was verifiably elsewhere at the time of the crime with which he is charged
altruist
a person unselfishly concerned for the welfare of others
AM
love
amateur
a person who engages in an activity for pleasure rather than financial or professional gain
amatory
of or pertaining to lovers or lovemaking
amiable
having or showing agreeable personal qualities
amicable
characterized by exhibiting good will
amity
friendship; peaceful harmony
amorous
inclined to love, esp. sexual love
enamored
inflamed with love; charmed; captivated
inamorata
a female lover
AMBI/AMPHI
both, on both sides, around
ambient
moving around freely; circulating
AMBL/AMBUL
to go, to walk
ambulance
a vehicle equipped for carrying sick people (from a phrase meaning “walking hospital”)
ambulatory
of, pertaining to, or capable of walking
perambulator
one who makes a tour of inspection on foot
preamble
an introductory statement (originally: to walk in front)
ANIM
of the life, mind, soul, breath
equanimity
mental or emotional stability, especially under tension
magnanimous
generous in forgiving an insult or injury
unanimous
of one mind; in complete accord
ANNUI/ENNI
year
annals
a record of events, esp. a yearly record
annuity
a specified income payable at stated intervals
perennial
lasting for an indefinite amount of time
ANT/ANTE
before
antebellum
before the war (especially the American Civil War)
antecedent
existing, being, or going before
antedate
precede in time
antediluvian
belonging to the period before the biblical flood; very old or old-fashioned
anterior
placed before
ANTHRO/ANDR
man, human
androgen
any substance that promotes masculine characteristics
androgynous
being both male and female
anthropocentric
regarding humanity as the central fact of the universe
misanthrope
one who hates humans or humanity
philanderer
one who carries on flirtations
ANTI
against, opposite
antibody
a protein naturally existing in blood serum that reacts to overcome an antigen
antipathy
aversion
antipodal
on the opposite side of the globe
antiseptic
free from germs; particularly clean or neat
APO
away
apocalypse
revelation; discovery; disclosure
apocryphal
of doubtful authorship or authenticity
apogee
the highest or most distant point
apostasy
a total desertion of one’s religion, principles, party, cause, etc.
AQUA/AQUE
water
aqueduct
a channel for transporting water
subaqueous
underwater
ARCH/ARCHI/ARCHY
chief, principal, ruler
oligarchy
a state or society ruled by a select group
ARD
to burn
ardent
burning; fierce; passionate
ardor
flame; passion
BE
about, to make, to surround, to affect (often used to transform words into transitive verbs)
belie
to misrepresent; to contradict
bemoan
to moan for; to lament
BEL/BELL
beautiful
BELL
war
belligerent
warlike, given to waging war
rebel
a person who resists authority, control, or tradition
BEN/BENE
good
benediction
act of uttering a blessing
benign
having a kindly disposition
BI/BIN
two
biennial
happening every two years
bilateral
pertaining to or affecting two or both sides
binocular
involving two eyes
bipartisan
representing two parties
BON/BOUN
good, generous
bona fide
in good faith; without fraud
bonus
something given over and above what is due
bountiful
generous
BREV/BRID
short, small
abbreviate
to shorten
abridge
to shorten
brevet
an honorary promotion with no additional pay
breviloquent
laconic; concise in one’s speech
BURS
purse, money
bursar
treasurer
bursary
treasury
disburse
to pay
reimburse
to pay back
CAD/CID
to fall, to happen by chance
decadent
decaying; deteriorating
recidivist
one who repeatedly relapses, as into crime
CANT/CENT/CHANT
to sing
capitulate
to surrender unconditionally or on stipulated terms
precipitate
to hasten the occurrence of; to bring about prematurely
CAP/CIP/CEPT
to take, to get
emancipate
to free from restraint
percipient
having perception; discerning; discriminating
precept
a commandment or direction given as a rule of conduct
susceptible
capable of receiving, admitting, undergoing, or being affected by something
CARD/CORD/COUR
heart
concord
agreement; peace, amity
concordance
agreement, concord, harmony
encourage
to inspire with spirit or confidence
CARN
flesh
carnival
a traveling amusement show
CAST/CHAST
to cut
caste
a hereditary social group, limited to people of the same rank
castigate
to punish in order to correct
chaste
free from obscenity; decent
chastise
to discipline, esp. by corporal punishment
CAUS/CAUT
to burn
caustic
burning or corrosive
cautery
an instrument used for branding; branding
holocaust
a burnt offering; complete destruction by fire or other means
CED/CEED/CESS
to go, to yield, to stop
accede
to yield to a demand; to enter office
CELER
speed
celerity
speed; quickness
CENT
hundred, hundredth
bicentennial
two-hundredth anniversary
CENTR
center
centrifuge
an apparatus that rotates at high speed and separates substances of different densities using centrifugal force (that is, force flying off from the center)
centrist
of or pertaining to moderate political or social ideas
concentrate
to bring to a common center; to converge, to direct toward one point
concentric
having a common center, as in circles or spheres
eccentric
off-center
CERN/CERT/CRET/CRIM/CRIT
to separate, to judge, to distinguish, to decide
ascertain
to make sure of; to determine
discreet
judicious in one’s conduct of speech, esp. with regard to maintaining silence about something of a delicate nature
discrete
detached from others, separate
CHROM
color
chromatic
having to do with color
chrome
a metallic element (chromium) used to make vivid colors, or something plated with chromium
chromosome
genetic material that can be studied by coloring it with dye
CHRON
time
chronic
constant, habitual
chronometer
a highly accurate clock or watch
CIRCU/CIRCUM
around
circuit
a line around an area; a racecourse; the path traveled by electrical current
circuitous
roundabout, indirect
circumspect
cautious; watching all sides
CIS
to cut
incisive
penetrating, cutting
CLA/CLO/CLU
to shut, to close
claustrophobia
an abnormal fear of enclosed places
cloister
a courtyard bordered with covered walks, esp. in a religious institution
preclude
to prevent the presence, existence, or occurrence of
CLAIM/CLAM
to shout, to cry out
clamor
a loud uproar
disclaim
to deny interest in or connection with
CLI
to lean toward
disinclination
aversion, distaste
proclivity
inclination, bias
recline
to lean back
CO/COL/COM/CON
with, together
commensurate
suitable in measure, proportionate
conciliate
to placate, win over
COGN/CONN
to know
incognito
with one’s name or identity concealed
CONTRA/CONTRO/COUNTER
against
countermand
to retract an order
controversy
a disputation; a quarrel
CORP/CORS
body
corporation
a company legally treated as an individual
corps
a body (an organized group) of troops
corpulent
obese; having a lot of flesh
incorporation
combining into a single body
COSM
order, universe, world
cosmetic
improving the appearance (making it look better ordered)
cosmic
relating to the universe
cosmology
a theory of the universe as a whole
cosmonaut
an astronaut; an explorer of outer space
cosmopolitan
worldly
cosmos
the universe; an orderly system; order
microcosm
a small system that reflects a larger whole
COUR/CUR
running, a course
concur
to accord in opinion, agree
courier
a messenger traveling in haste who bears news
curriculum
the regular course of study
cursive
handwriting in flowing strokes with the letters joined together
cursory
going rapidly over something; hasty; superficial
incursion
a hostile entrance into a place, esp. suddenly
CRE/CRESC/CRET
to grow
accretion
an increase by natural growth
accrue
to be added as a matter of periodic gain
creation
the act of producing or causing to exist
excrescence
an outgrowth
CRED
to believe, to trust
credentials
anything that provides the basis for belief
credulity
willingness to believe or trust too readily
CRYPT
hidden
apocryphal
of doubtful authorship or authenticity
cryptology
the science of interpreting secret writings, codes, ciphers, and the like
CUB/CUMB
to lie down
incumbent
holding an indicated position
recumbent
lying down; reclining; leaning
succumb
to give away to superior force; yield
CULP
fault, blame
culpable
deserving blame or censure
inculpate
to charge with fault
DAC/DOC
to teach
didactic
intended for instruction
indoctrinate
to imbue a person with learning
DE
away, off, down, completely, reversal
defame
to attack the good name or reputation of
delineate
to trace the outline of; sketch or trace in
DELE
to erase
indelible
impossible to erase; lasting
DEM
people
demographics
vital and social statistics of population
endemic
peculiar to a particular people or locality
epidemic
affecting a large number of people at the same time and spreading from person to person
pandemic
general, universal
DEXT
right hand, right side, deft
dexter
on the right
dexterity
deftness; adroitness
dial
a device for seeing the hour of the day; a clock face; rotatable discs or knobs used as a control input
dismal
gloomy (from “bad days”)
diurnal
daily
meridian
a direct line from the North Pole to the South Pole; the highest point reached by the sun; noon
DI/DIA
in two, through, across
dialogue
a conversation between two or more persons
dichotomy
division into two parts, kinds, etc.
DI/DIF/DIS
away from, apart, reversal, not
dilatory
inclined to delay or procrastinate
dissuade
to deter by advice or persuasion
DIC/DICT/DIT
to say, to tell, to use words
interdict
to forbid; prohibit
predict
to tell in advance
DIGN
worth
condign
well deserved; fitting; adequate
deign
to think fit or in accordance with one’s dignity
dignitary
a person who holds a high rank or office
DOG/DOX
opinion
orthodox
sound or correct in opinion or doctrine
DOL
to suffer, to pain, to grieve
doleful
sorrowful, mournful
dolorous
full of pain or sorrow, grievous
DON/DOT/DOW
to give
endow
to provide with a permanent fund
pardon
kind indulgence, forgiveness
DORM
sleep
dormitory
a place for sleeping
DORS
back
endorse
to sign on the back; to vouch for
DUB
doubt
dubiety
doubtfulness
dubious
doubtful
DUC/DUCT
to lead
induce
to lead or move by influence
induct
o install in a position with formal ceremonies
DULC
sweet
dulcet
sweet; pleasing
dulcified
sweetened; softened
dulcimer
a musical instrument
DUR
hard, lasting
dour
sullen, gloomy (originally: hard, obstinate)
durable
able to resist decay
duress
compulsion by threat, coercion
obdurate
stubborn, resistant to persuasion
DYS
faulty, abnormal
dysfunctional
poorly functioning
dyspepsia
impaired digestion
dystrophy
faulty or inadequate nutrition or development
E/EX
out, out of, from, former, completely
efface
to rub or wipe out; surpass, eclipse
exonerate
to free or declare free from blame
extricate
to disentangle, release
EGO
self; oneself; the part of oneself that is self-aware
egoism/egotism
selfishness; self-absorption
EM/EN
in, into
enclose
to close in on all sides
EPI
upon
epidermis
the outer layer of the skin
epigram
a witty or pointed saying tersely expressed
epithet
a word or phrase added to—or replacing—a name, to describe or insult its bearer
EQU
equal, even
adequate
equal to the requirement or occasion
ERR
to wander; to go astray in thought or belief, to be mistaken
errant
wandering or traveling, especially in search of adventure
ESCE
becoming
convalescent
recovering from illness
incandescent
glowing with heat, shining
obsolescent
becoming obsolete
EU
good, well
euphony
pleasantness of sound
euthanasia
killing a person painlessly, usually one who has an incurable, painful disease
EXTRA
outside, beyond
extract
to take out, obtain against a person’s will
extradite
to hand over (person accused of crime) to the state where the crime was committed
extrapolate
to estimate (unknown facts or values) from known data
extrasensory
derived by means other than known senses
FAB/FAM
to speak
affable
friendly, courteous
fable
a fictional tale, esp. legendary
ineffable
too great for description in words; that which must not
infamous
well known for some bad quality or deed
FAC/FIC/FIG/FAIT/FEIT/FY
to do, to make
faction
a small dissenting group within a larger one, esp. in politics
ratify
to confirm or accept by formal consent
FAL
to err, to deceive
fallacy
a flawed argument
faux pas
a false step; a social gaffe
FATU
foolish
fatuity
foolishness; stupidity
fatuous
foolish; stupid
infatuated
swept up in a fit of passion, impairing one’s reason
FER
to bring, to carry, to bear
confer
to grant, bestow
proffer
to offer
referendum
to vote on a political question open to the entire electorate
FERV
to boil, to bubble
effervescent
with the quality of giving off bubbles of gas
fervid
ardent, intense
FI/FID
faith, trust
affidavit
a written statement on oath
confide
to entrust with a secret
fiduciary
of a trust; held or given in trust
FIN
end
confine
to keep or restrict within certain limits;
infinitesimal
infinitely or very small
FLAGR/FLAM
to burn
conflagration
a large, destructive fire
flagrant
blatant, scandalous
flambeau
a lighted torch
inflame
to set on fire
FLECT/FLEX
to bend, to turn
inflect
to change or vary the pitch of
FLU/FLUX
to flow
confluence
merging into one
effluence
flowing out of (light, electricity, etc.)
mellifluous
pleasing, musical
FORE
before
forestall
to prevent by advance action
forthright
straightforward, outspoken, decisive
FORT
chance
fortuitous
happening by luck
fortune
chance or luck in human affairs
FORT
strength
forte
strong point; something a person does well
fortify
to provide with fortifications; strengthen
fortissimo
very loud
FRA/FRAC/FRAG/FRING
to break
fractious
irritable, peevish
refractory
stubborn, unmanageable, rebellious
FUG
to flee, to fly
centrifugal
flying off from the center
fugue
a musical composition in which subsequent parts imitate or pursue the first part; a psychological state in
fugitive
on the run; someone who flees
subterfuge
a deception used to avoid a confrontation
FULG
to shine
effulgent
shining forth
refulgent
radiant; shining
FUM
smoke
fumigate
to treat with smoke or vapors
FUS
to pour
diffuse
to spread widely or thinly
fusillade
continuous discharge of firearms or outburst of criticism
infusion: the act of permeating or steeping; liquid extract so obtained
suffuse
to spread throughout or over from within
GEN
birth, creation, race, kind
congenital
existing or as such from birth
gender
classification roughly corresponding to the two sexes and sexlessness
progeny
offspring, descendants
GN/GNO
to know
agnostic
one who believes that the existence of God
prognosis
to forecast, especially of disease
GRAD/GRESS
to step
egress
going out; the way out
digress
to depart from the main subject
GRAM/GRAPH
to write, to draw
epigram
a short poem; a pointed statement
graphite
a mineral used for writing, as the “lead” in pencils
GRAT
pleasing
gratuity
money given for good service
ingratiate
to bring oneself into favor
GREG
flock
aggregate
a number of things considered as a collective whole
egregious
remarkably bad; standing out from the crowd
gregarious
sociable; enjoying spending time with others
HAP
by chance
haphazard
at random
happen
occur (originally: to occur by chance)
happy
pleased, as by good fortune
perhaps
a qualifier suggesting something might (or might not) take place
HEMI
half
hemisphere
half a sphere; half of the Earth
hemistich
half a line of poetry
HER/HES
to stick
adherent
able to adhere; believer or advocate of a particular thing
inherent
involved in the constitution or essential character
HETERO
different, other
heterodox
different from the acknowledged standard; holding unorthodox opinions or doctrines
heterogeneous
of other origin; not originating in the body
HOL
whole
catholic
universal
holocaust
a burnt offering; complete destruction by fire or other means
holograph
a document written entirely by the person whose name it’s in
holistic
considering something as a unified whole
(H)OM
same
homonym
one of two or more words spelled and pronounced alike but different in meaning
HUM
earth