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1
Q

Dopamine

A

pleasure, motivation, reward

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2
Q

Serotonin

A

emotional processing

eating, sleeping, sexual behavior

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3
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

adrenaline

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4
Q

Cortisol

A

steroid stress hormone, suppresses immune system

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5
Q

Endorphin

A

endogenous opiate, produced by pituitary gland

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6
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

dopaminergic neurons, implicated in Parkinsons

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7
Q

Alternate (Parallel) Reliability

A

A research subject is given two different versions of the same test at different times

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8
Q

Inter-Rater (Inter-Observer) Reliability

A

The degree to which different raters/observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon

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9
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

The consistency of a measure from one trial to another

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10
Q

Internal Consistency Reliability

A

The consistency of results across items within a test

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11
Q

Categorical Perception

A

A phenomenon of perception of distinct categories when there is a gradual change in a variable along a continuum

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12
Q

3 Key Dimensions of Temperament

A
  • The Easy Child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishing regular routines in infancy and adapts easily to new experiences.
  • The Difficult Child tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engaging in irregular daily routines and is slow to accept new experiences.
  • The Slow to Warm Up Child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, shows low adaptability and displays a low intensity of mood.
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13
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Consists of ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience (housed in LTM)

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14
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Multiple simultaneous inputs of neurotransmitters

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15
Q

Temporal summation

A

Repeated inputs of neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A

Increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

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17
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

Decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

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18
Q

Modulatory Neurotransmitters

A

Modulate and influence the effects of other chemical messengers

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19
Q

Fast Mapping

A

Rapidly learning a new word by contrasting it with a familiar word

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20
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

Speech during the two-word stage of language acquisition. Sounds like a telegram
Ex: Drive car

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21
Q

Holophrase

A

A single word (such as OK) that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought

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22
Q

Two-Stream Hypothesis of Neural Processing

A

The ventral stream (or “what pathway”) = visual identification and recognition.

The dorsal stream (or “where pathway”) = spatial location relative to the viewer

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23
Q

Social Referencing

A

Using cues from people in the environment to learn what behaviors are appropriate in that particular setting

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24
Q

Standard Deviation

A

The measurement of the variability of individual scores

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25
Q

Cross-sectional Study

A

Analyzes data collected at one specific point of time within one specific sample

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26
Q

Sequential Study

A

Combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional designs, follows several differently aged cohorts over time

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27
Q

5 Main Contributions of Carl Jung

A
  • The collective unconscious
  • Dream analysis
  • Identified Extroversion & Introversion
  • Psychological complexes
  • Emphasis on spirituality
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28
Q

Jung’s 3 Parts of the Human Psyche

A 
The ego (the conscious mind)
The personal unconscious (which includes memories both recalled and suppressed)
The collective unconscious (which included Jung’s ideas concerning Archetypes).
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29
Q

Eysenck’s PEN Model of Personality

A

Psychoticism-Normality
Extraversion-Introversion
Neuroticism-Emotional stability

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30
Q

Color (subtractive or additive)

A

Subtractive

Blue and Yellow absorb all other wavelengths except green

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31
Q

Light (subtractive or additive)

A

Additive

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32
Q

Object Relations Theory

A

Infants form mental representations of themselves in relation to others, which influence interpersonal relationships later in life

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33
Q

Working Memory Model (Baddeley and Hitch)

A
  1. If two tasks make use of the same component (of working memory), they cannot be performed successfully together.
  2. If two tasks make use of different components, it should be possible to perform them as well as together as separately.
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34
Q

3 Components of Working Memory

A
  • Visuospatial Sketchpad — (visual and spatial information, navigation)
  • Phonological Loop — (spoken and written material, phone numbers etc)
  • Central Executive — Allocates data to subsystems, mental arithmetic
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35
Q

3 Contributions of Herman Ebbinghaus

A

Pioneered the experimental study of memory

First established and used CVCs (consonant/vowel/consonant) to test memory

Discovered forgetting curve (forgetting things over time) and spacing effect (spacing learning allows better commitment to long-term memory)

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36
Q

Forgetting Curve

A

Forgetting things over time

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37
Q

Spacing Effect

A

Spacing learning allows better commitment to long-term memory

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38
Q

Multi Store Model of Memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin) or Modal Model

A

Memory consists of three stores:
Sensory register
Short-term memory (STM)
Long-term memory (LTM)

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39
Q

Pragmatics

A

The skill of using language socially and being able to adapt it to different situations.

It’s key to being able to take part in conversations and interactions in socially acceptable ways

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40
Q

Semantics

A

The meaning in language

Ex: “destination” and “last stop” technically mean the same thing, but students of semantics analyze their subtle shades of meaning

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41
Q

Syntax

A

The format in which words and phrases are arranged to create sentences

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42
Q

Theory of Universal Grammar

A

All languages possess the same set of categories and relations and that in order to communicate through language

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43
Q

Morphology (Linguistics)

A

Study of morphemes that seeks to determine the base units of meaning within a given language

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44
Q

3 Branches of Phonetics

A

1) articulatory
2) acoustic
3) auditory

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45
Q

Excitation-Transfer Theory

A

Physiological arousal will result in a subsequent period of time when the person will experience a state of residual arousal yet be unaware of it

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46
Q

Self-affirmation Theory

A

Individuals adapt to information or experiences that are threatening to their self-concept

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47
Q

Self-verification Theory

A

People want to be known and understood by others according to their firmly held beliefs and feelings about themselves

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48
Q

5 Developmental Emphases of Lee Vygotsky

A
  • Culture affecting cognitive development.
  • Social factors contributing to cognitive development.
  • The role of language in cognitive development.
  • Adults are an important source of cognitive development.
  • Social learning tends to precede development.
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49
Q

Self-serving Bias

A

Tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors

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50
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

A situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but go along with it because they incorrectly assume that most others accept it

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51
Q

Actor-observer Bias

A

A tendency to attribute one’s own negative actions to external causes while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes

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52
Q

Father X-Dominance Genes

A
  • 100% chance to pass to daughters

* 0% chance to pass to sons

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53
Q

Mother X-Dominance Genes

A
  • 50% chance to pass a nonfunctional gene to sons and daughters
  • 50% chance to pass carrier to sons and daughters
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54
Q

Father X – Recessive Genes

A
  • 0% chance to pass on the gene to his sons,

* 100% chance to pass on the gene to his daughters

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55
Q

Mother X – Recessive Genes

A
  • 100% chance pass the gene that to her sons.
  • 100% chance sons will be affected by the condition.
  • 100% chance pass the gene to her daughters.
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56
Q

Sign Stimulus

A

The essential feature of a stimulus, which is necessary to elicit a response

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57
Q

Generalization Gradient

A

The degree of stimulus generalization that an organism exhibits during conditioning.

Typical shape is steep.

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58
Q

The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A 
Primary circadian pacemaker in the brain. It generates circadian rhythms in:
rest and activity
core body temperature
neuroendocrine function
autonomic function
memory and psychomotor performance
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59
Q

One-tailed test

A

Only studying in one direction.

If a mean is x, you might want to know if a set of results is more than x or less than x.

A one-tailed test is more powerful than a two-tailed test, as you aren’t considering an effect in the opposite direction.

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60
Q

Reactance

A

Occurs when a person feels that someone or something is taking away their choices or limiting the range of alternatives

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61
Q

Illusory Contours (or Subjective Contours)

A

Optical illusions that evoke the perception of an edge without a luminance or color change across that edge

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62
Q

Mach Bands

A

Optical illusions that exaggerate the contrast between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray, as soon as they contact one another

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63
Q

Texture Gradient

A

The distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away

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64
Q

Geon

A

A fundamental shape that, when combined with other geons, forms the basis of all more complex structures

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65
Q

Boundary Extension Phenomenon

A

People tend to remember more of a scene or boundary than was originally present in the original picture

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66
Q

Kohlberg’s 3 Stages of Moral Development

A

1) Pre-conventional
2) Conventional
3) Post-conventional

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67
Q

Kohlberg’s Pre-conventional Stage

A
  1. Obedience and punishment orientation (How can I avoid punishment?)
  2. Self-interest orientation (What’s in it for me?)
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68
Q

Kohlberg’s Conventional Stage

A
  1. Interpersonal accord and conformity (Social norms) (The good boy/girl attitude)
  2. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Law and order morality)
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69
Q

Kohlberg’s Post-conventional Stage

A
  1. Social contract orientation

2. Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience)

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70
Q

Johnson and Heinz’ Multimode Theory of Attention

A

Attention is flexible. Selection of one message over another message can be made at any of various different points in the course of information processing.

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71
Q

Transduction

A

A receptor cell converts the energy from a stimulus into an electrical signal

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72
Q

Difference Threshold (or Just Noticeable Difference)

A

The minimum difference in stimulation that a person can detect 50 percent of the time

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73
Q

Public Goods Dilemma

A

A real-world decision whereby the outcome for any individual depends on the decisions of all involved parties

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74
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Face blindness

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75
Q

Decentering (or Decentration)

A

The ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation

Occurs during Piaget’s Concrete Operational stage

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76
Q

Seriation

A

The ability to sort objects or situations according to any characteristic, such as size, color, shape, or type

Occurs during Piaget’s Concrete Operational stage

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77
Q

Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

A

People learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling

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78
Q

Law of Effect (Edward Thorndike)

A

Any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped

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79
Q

Edwin Guthrie’s view of Association

A

The simple association of an external stimulus and a behavioral response was sufficient for an animal or human subject to connect the two mentally. Only a single incident was enough for the association to be learned

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80
Q

Theory of Successful Intelligence (Robert Sternberg) (3 Types)

A

Comprises three types of intelligence:
analytical (also referred to as componential)
practical (also referred to as contextual)
creative (also referred to as experiential)

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81
Q

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence

A

Traditional definitions of intelligence do not capture the wide variety of abilities humans display.

According to Gardner, there are eight primary forms of intelligence

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82
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Our eye detects with red, green and blue receptors and process these to perceive color

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83
Q

Opponent-process Theory

A

We have color receptors and opposing color receptors and perceive color via the balance between the two

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84
Q

Specificity (of a test)

A

The proportion of patients that are known not to have the disease who will test negative for it

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85
Q

Within-Subjects Design

A

The various experimental treatments are given to the same subjects

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86
Q

Between-Subjects Design

A

The various experimental treatments are given to different groups of subjects

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87
Q

Correlational Research

A

A researcher measures two variables, understands and assess the statistical relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable

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88
Q

Main Effect

A

The statistically significant difference between levels of an independent variable on a dependent variable

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89
Q

Social Validation

A

Individuals conform to the actions of others in a group to be accepted and validated by the group

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90
Q

Social Facilitation

A

Improvement in individual performance when working with other people rather than alone

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91
Q

The Stroop Effect

A

Occurs when you must say the color of a word but not the name of the word

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92
Q

The Pop-out Effect

A

Occurs when a visual stimulus that is comprised of differing components has mostly similar looking objects but one differing object that ‘pops-out’ or stands out very noticeably

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93
Q

The Flynn Effect

A

The substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century

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94
Q

Implicit memory

A

Long-term memory that is acquired and used unconsciously, and can affect thoughts and behaviors.

One of its most common forms is procedural memory, which helps people performing certain tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.

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95
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Long-term memory that can be consciously recalled: general knowledge or information about personal experiences that an individual retrieves in response to a specific need or request to do so.

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96
Q

______ plays a fundamental role in short-term and working memory

A

Prefrontal cortex

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97
Q

Serial Memory Processing

A

Attending to and processing one item at a time

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98
Q

Parallel Memory Processing

A

Attending to and processing all items simultaneously

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99
Q

Subjective Constancy (or Perceptual Constancy)

A

The perception of that an object is constant even though our sensation of the object changes

100
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

A highly detailed ‘snapshot’ of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential news was heard

101
Q

3 Stages of Memory

A

1) Encoding
2) Storage
3) Retrieval

102
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Visual sensory memory

103
Q

Episodic Memory

A

The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

104
Q

Rote Recall

A

Recollection of information that has been stored in its entirety

105
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

the ability to differentiate between information-bearing patterns and random patterns that serve to distract

106
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

Difficulty recalling old information because of newly learned information

107
Q

Subliminal Messages are usually only effective in producing ______ changes in attitude because they are weak

A

Short-term

108
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating an item over and over again to improve memory

109
Q

______ for each word in a list will likely result in the best surprise recall

A

Producing a synonym

110
Q

The biggest difference in cognitive testing between Older Adults and Younger Adults is in the area of ______

A

Divided Attention Tasks

111
Q

Defensive Pessimism

A

lowering expectations to help prepare for the worst in order to manage anxiety

112
Q

Self-handicapping

A

Avoiding effort to protect the ego and self-esteem from potential failure

113
Q

Self-regulation

A

The ability to manage disruptive emotions and impulses

114
Q

What Does the MMPI-2 Test?

A

10 major categories of abnormal human behavior

4 validity scales are used to assess the person’s general test-taking attitude and whether they answered the items on the test in a truthful and accurate manner

115
Q

Damage to ______ will disrupt a rats eating and drinking

A

Lateral Hypothalamus

116
Q

Direct pupillary reflex vs. Consensual pupillary reflex

A

Response to light that enters the same eye

Response to light that enters the opposite eye

117
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone that promotes feelings of love, bonding and well-being

118
Q

Oxytocin is made in the ______, and it is released into the ______

A

Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland

119
Q

Place Theory

A

Our hearing depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane

Can only account for high frequencies

120
Q

Frequency Theory

A

Our hearing depends on the frequency of the auditory nerve’s impulses, which corresponds to the frequency of a tone and allows us to detect its pitch

Can only account for low frequencies

121
Q

Sensitization

A

Learning process via repeated exposure to a stimulus results

122
Q

Habituation

A

Learning process via decrease in response to a stimulus after being repeatedly exposed to it

123
Q

Personal Construct Theory (George Kelly)

A

Personality is composed of the various mental constructs through which each person views reality

124
Q

Latane & Darley’s Model of Helping

A
  1. Noticing
  2. Interpretation
  3. Perception of Responsibility
  4. Knowing how to help
  5. Deciding to help
125
Q

Kubler-Ross Stages of Grief

A
  1. Denial
  2. Anger
  3. Bargaining
  4. Depression
  5. Acceptance
126
Q

MRI brain imaging of schizophrenia reveal ______ and ______

A

Enlarged ventricles

Reduction in prefrontal cortex

127
Q

Purposive Behaviorism (Edward Tolman)

A

A branch of behaviorism behaviorism focused on meaningful behavior

128
Q

Conformity increases when…(3)

A

…more people are present
…the task becomes more difficult
…other members of the group are of a higher social status

129
Q

3 Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) (Hans Selye )

A
  1. Alarm stage (a burst of energy)
  2. Resistance stage (resist or adapt to the stressor)
  3. Exhaustion stage
130
Q

The Phi Phenomenon

A

An optical illusion causing the observer to perceive movement in stationary objects

131
Q

Motion parallax

A

We view objects that are closer to us as moving faster than objects that are further away from us

132
Q

Linear perspective

A

Parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to get closer together or converge

133
Q

The Ponzo Illusion

A

The human mind judges an object’s size based on its background

134
Q

An ______ is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the ______

A

independent variable, dependent variable

135
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Participants in an experiment unconsciously change their behavior to fit their interpretation of the experiment’s purpose

136
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

A cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used

137
Q

The Purkinje Effect

A

In low light, the eye will shift toward the blue end of the color spectrum, and reds will appear darker relative to other colors

138
Q

The Gestalt Law of Common Fate

A

Humans perceive visual elements that move in the same speed and/or direction as parts of a single stimulus

139
Q

______ enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABAA receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties.

A

Benzodiazepines

140
Q

______ in recognizing complex patterns is what distinguishes experts from novices in many endeavors

A

Speed

141
Q

Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages

A 
Oral
Anal 
Phallic - Oedipus complex (in boys) and the Electra complex (in girls). 
Latent
Genital - begins in puberty
142
Q

Functionalism (William James)

A

Mental states are constituted solely by their functional role

143
Q

Structuralism (Wilhelm Wundt)

A

Analyze the adult mind in terms of the simplest definable components, and then find how these components fit together to form more complex experiences

144
Q

3 Types of Humanistic Therapy

A

1) Client-centered therapy
2) Gestalt therapy
3) Existential therapy

145
Q

Integrative (or holistic) therapy

A

A blend elements from different approaches to tailor treatment according to each client’s needs

146
Q

Social Exchange Theory (George Homans)

A

Social behavior is the result of an exchange process, where people weigh the potential benefits and risks of social relationships

147
Q

Self-perception Theory (Deryl Bem)

A

People develop their attitudes by observing their own behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused it

148
Q

Attribution Theory

A

The attributions people make about events and behavior can be classed as either internal or external.

In an internal (or dispositional) attribution, people infer that an event or a person’s behavior is due to personal factors such as traits, abilities, or feelings. This is opposed to external (or situational) attribution.

149
Q

Francis Galton was the first to study ______ as a test of the relative strength of heredity and environment

A

Twins

150
Q

_____ is remembered for his research on the conditioning process, as well as the Little Albert experiment

A

John B. Watson

151
Q

______ discovered the structure of DNA

A

James Watson

152
Q

Supplication

A

A self-presentation strategy purposely emphasizing incompetence or weakness

153
Q

Exemplification

A

A self-presentation strategy whereby an individual attempts to project an image of integrity and moral worthiness

154
Q

Normative Influence

A

Conformity motivated by fear of social rejection

155
Q

Concurrent Validity

A

The extent to which the results of a particular measurement correspond to previously established measurements for the same construct

156
Q

Discriminant Validity (or Divergent Validity)

A

The degree to which two measures of constructs that theoretically should not be related, are in fact unrelated

157
Q

Convergent Validity

A

The degree to which two measures of constructs that theoretically should be related, are in fact related

158
Q

Face Validity

A

An assessment or test appears to do what it claims to do

159
Q

Content Validity

A

How well a test measures the behavior for which it is intended

160
Q

Progesterone

A

Prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum

161
Q

Vasopressin (or ADH)

A

modulates complex cognitive functions—such as attention, learning, and the formation and recall of memories—and may also modulate emotion

162
Q

Aldosterone

A

Principle hormone secreted by adrenal cortex, it helps to regulate mineral and water metabolism by promoting potassium excretion and sodium retention in the kidneys

163
Q

Immanent Justice

A

The belief that rules are fixed and immutable and that punishment automatically follows misdeeds regardless of extenuating circumstances.

Children up to the age of 8 equate the morality of an act only with its consequences; not until later do they develop the capacity to judge motive and subjective considerations

164
Q

______ believed that personality is made up of individual fundamental traits

A

Gordon Allport

165
Q

Working Memory

A

Responsible for the short-term maintenance and manipulation of information necessary for performing complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension

166
Q

The ______ is located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

A

somatosensory cortex

167
Q

The ______ Lobe contains the auditory projection and auditory association areas and also areas for higher order visual processing

A

Temporal

168
Q

The part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord

A

Brainstem

169
Q

The Brainstem is comprised of…(3)

A

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

170
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

An automatic response of a newborn to a gentle stimulus applied to the cheek, in which the infant turns his or her head and makes sucking motions

171
Q

Moro Reflex

A

A reflex in which a newborn infant, when startled, throws out the arms, extends the fingers, and often quickly brings the arms back together as if clutching or embracing

172
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

The reflex occurring in a healthy infant in which the big toe extends upward and the other toes fan out when the sole of the foot is gently stimulated

173
Q

Palmar Reflex

A

A reflex in which the fingers are flexed when the palm is scratched

174
Q

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (or Fencing Reflex)

A

A primitive reflex also known as the “fencing reflex” because of the characteristic position of the infant’s arms and head, which resembles that of a classically trained fencer

175
Q

Greatest Happiness Principle (John Stuart Mill)

A

Actions are considered moral when they tend to promote happiness and deter its opposite, and immoral when the opposite occurs

176
Q

Prominent representative of Utilitarianism, which emphasized the need for a scientific basis for philosophy as well as a humanist approach to politics and economics

A

James Mill

177
Q

Believed that the mind is a blank state when you’re born

A

John Locke

178
Q

Did not believe in any single religion and did not believe that one was needed to believe in God. Instead, he was very much interested in the natural laws that were underlying in all religions.

A

Voltaire

179
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

Rewarding a person for his or her performance can lead to lower, rather than higher, interest in the activity

180
Q

Insufficient Justification Effect (Festinger Pegboard Study)

A

In some situations people are more likely to undertake a task that goes against their character or personal beliefs when offered a small reward versus a larger reward, and similarly more likely to decline a desired activity when presented with a mild threat versus a more serious threat

181
Q

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (Linguistic Determinism)

A

The semantic structure of a particular language determines the structure of mental categories among its speakers

182
Q

Taxonomic Bias

A

The tendency of children to suppose that a novel word that refers to one thing also refers to similar things rather than thematically related things (dog = collie, dog =/= dog bone)

183
Q

Whole-Object Bias

A

The tendency of children to suppose that a novel label refers to a whole object rather than to its parts, properties, or attributes

184
Q

Typicality Effect

A

People are quicker to make category judgments about typical members of a category than they are to make such judgments about atypical members (dog = mammal, whale =/= mammal)

185
Q

Prevalence vs. Incidence

A

The proportion of the population that has a disease at a point in time (prevalence)

The rate of occurrence of new disease during a period of time (incidence)

186
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

The ability to differentiate between information-bearing patterns and random patterns (that distract from the information)

187
Q

Premack’s Principle

A

The opportunity to engage in behavior with a relatively high baseline probability will reinforce behavior of lower baseline probability

188
Q

Method of Limits

A

Measure a subject’s perception of stimuli by determining at what level a stimulus is perceived by a subject. A stimulus is presented and increased or decreased until it is perceivable by the subject.

189
Q

Method of Loci

A

method of memory enhancement which uses visualizations with the use of spatial memory, familiar information about one’s environment, to quickly and efficiently recall information.

190
Q

Magnitude Estimation Procedure

A

Subjects estimate the magnitude of physical stimuli by assigning numerical values proportional to the stimulus magnitude they perceive

191
Q

Method of Constant Stimuli

A

Threshold is determined by presenting the observer with a set of stimuli of which some are above the threshold and of which some are below the threshold but that the set of stimuli are presented in a random order

192
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

Enhancement of synaptic transmission which can last for weeks, caused by repeated brief stimulations of one nerve cell that trigger stimulation of a succeeding cell

193
Q

Long-Term Depression

A

A long-lasting decrease in the amplitude of neuronal response due to persistent weak synaptic stimulation (in the case of the hippocampus) or strong synaptic stimulation (in the case of the cerebellum)

194
Q

Standard T-test

A

The most basic type of statistical test, for use when you are comparing the means from exactly TWO Groups, such as the Control Group versus the Experimental Group

195
Q

Paired T-test

A

Used for “Before vs. After” type experiments, where the same individuals are measured before and after the application of some sort of treatment. It can also be used for “Left vs. Right” experiments, where two sides of an individual are given two different treatments.

196
Q

One-Way ANOVA

A

Similar to a t-test, except that this test can be used to compare the means from THREE OR MORE groups

197
Q

Two-Way ANOVA

A

Used to compare the means of TWO OR MORE groups in response to TWO DIFFERENT INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

198
Q

Linear Regression

A

Used for comparing the means of Groups along a continuum of THREE OR MORE treatment levels, such as a gradually increasing depth of water. It can also be used to compare response means under THREE OR MORE treatment set at regular intervals, such as a sequence of salinities increasing at intervals of 10 ppt.

199
Q

Slime Effect

A

Suspicion and dislike of likeable behavior toward superiors

200
Q

Self-reference Esffect

A

A tendency for people to encode information differently depending on the level on which they are implicated in the information. When people are asked to remember information when it is related in some way to themselves, the recall rate can be improved.

201
Q

The Mood Congruency Effect

A

A person tends to remember information that is consistent with their particular mood

202
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Forms myelin sheaths around axons

203
Q

Astrocyte

A

Provide structural support for the brain, and are responsible for many homeostatic controls

204
Q

Microglia

A

Removes cellular debris from injured or dead cells

205
Q

Monocytes

A

Influence the process of adaptive immunity

206
Q

Endothelium Cells

A

Line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall

207
Q

Propinquity

A

The state of being close to someone or something; proximity

208
Q

The most frequently observed limitation in second language learning after adolescence

A

Pronunciation

209
Q

Carryover Effect

A

The effect on the current performance of a research participant is influenced by the experimental conditions that preceded the current conditions

210
Q

Ceiling Effect

A

Situation in which the majority of values obtained for a variable approach the upper limit of the scale used in its measurement

211
Q

Sleeper Effect

A

The impact of a persuasive message increases over time

212
Q

2 x 4 Design

A

Two independent variables, one with 2 levels and one with 4 levels

213
Q

Founders of Experimental Psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt and William James

214
Q

Spurious Relationship

A

Two occurrences have no logical connection, yet it may be inferred that they do, due to a certain third, unseen factor

215
Q

Alpha

A

A measure of internal consistency

216
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

Any variables that you are not intentionally studying in your experiment or test

217
Q

All-or-none principle of neurons

A

A neuron will fire a complete action potential if the threshold is reached, and will not if it has not

218
Q

______ Lobe is responsible for reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation

A

Frontal Lobe

219
Q

______ Lobe is responsible for processing sensory information from your environment

A

Parietal Lobe

220
Q

______ Lobe is responsible for eyesight processing

A

Occipital Lobe

221
Q

______ lobe is responsible for hearing and memory input

A

Temporal Lobe

222
Q

Allomorph

A

An allomorph occurs when a morpheme varies in pronunciation but not in meaning. For example, the pluralizing morpheme “s/es” in English sounds like “z” in bubbles, but like “s” in cats

223
Q

______ one of the founding members of the structural functionalism psychological approach, viewed conflicts between members of society as analogous to conflicts between organs in the body

A

Herbert Spencer

224
Q

The McGurk Effect

A

a well-known illusion which takes place when a person hears a component of a word while watching (or reading) a visual component for a different word

225
Q

Errors of Growth (or Overregulation)

A

occur when a child learning a language incorrectly applies a general rule to all words

226
Q

In addition to her “ten needs” theory, ______ is also considered to be the founder of feminine psychology.

A

Karen Horney

227
Q

Nocireceptors

A

Sensory neurons that are activated by agitating or painful stimuli

228
Q

______ carries low spatial frequency information and high temporal frequency information in the more dorsal regions of the posterior half of the brain

A

The magnocellular system

229
Q

When conducting a two-way analysis of variance, the degrees of freedom (df) for each factor is best expressed as __________

A

one less than the number of levels for that factor

230
Q

Non-fluent aphasia

A

Produces telegraphic language

231
Q

______ popularized the concept of Emotional Intelligence

A

Daniel Goleman

232
Q

Fight or Flight response is controlled by the ______

A

sympathetic nervous system

233
Q

Infants are expected to be able to lift their head, smile socially, and coo between the age of

A

1-3 Months

234
Q

Infants begin to crawl between the age of

A

7-11 Months

235
Q

Infants start walking between the age of

A

12-15 Months

236
Q

Infants can begin to sit unassisted between the age of

A

4-6 Months

237
Q

_____ represents the probability that differences in means are due to random chance and not due to the independent variable’s effects

A

p-value

238
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

Infants

239
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A

2-3 years, anal stage

240
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A

3-6 years, phallic/Oedipal stage

241
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

6-11 years

242
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A

Adolescence

243
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

Young adulthood

244
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A

Adulthood

245
Q

Integrity vs. Dispair

A

Old age

GRE Alternate Cards (1 decks)

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