GRE Articles 1 Flashcards
Demeanour
Noun: (behavioral attributes) the way a person behaves toward other people Synonyms: behavior, behaviour, conduct, demeanor, deportment
Impending
Adjective: close in time; about to occur Synonyms: imminent, close at hand If something is impending, it is about to happen. If you hear thunder in the distance, you might go inside to escape the impending storm. The word impending often refers to something threatening or frightening: impending doom, impending disaster. Something that is impending hangs over you — you might say, “I was so distracted by thoughts of my impending failure in my exams, I couldn’t study.” A synonym is imminent.
Humdrum
Adjective: tediously repetitious or lacking in variety Synonyms: monotonous, dull That class on 18th century feminist zoologists and their favorite poets? Surprisingly humdrum, or dull, tedious, and totally boring. Anything that you can call humdrum is so severely lacking in variety and excitement that it’s sure to make you hum and drum your fingers out of boredom. Humdrum is an adjective to describe the unglamorous monotony of everyday routines. It’s the same old thing, again and again, over and over. Humdrum can also mean predictable, mind-numbing and not very challenging — hopefully the complete opposite of your social life.
repudiate
Verb: refuse to acknowledge, ratify, or recognize as valid Synonym: refuse, reject To repudiate something is to reject it, or to refuse to accept or support it. If you grow up religious, but repudiate all organized religion as an adult, you might start spending holidays at the movies, or just going to work. This verb usually refers to rejecting something that has authority, such as a legal contract, doctrine, or claim. In connection with debts or other obligations, repudiate is used in the specialized sense “to refuse to recognize or pay.” If referring to a child or a lover, repudiate is used in the sense “to disown, cast off.” This verb is derived from Latin repudiare “to put away, divorce.”
Deterrent
Noun: something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress Synonym: hinderance, impediment A deterrent makes you not want to do something. Let’s say there’s a giant pile of cookies being guarded by an angry dog — the dog is a deterrent. People talk about deterrents most often when discussing crime. The death penalty is supposed to be a deterrent — the idea is that people will be so scared of the death penalty that they won’t commit certain crimes. Jail is another deterrent. Teachers also use deterrents — the possibility of getting detention is a deterrent that should encourage students to behave. A deterrent is the opposite of a reward. A reward encourages you to do the right thing, while a deterrent discourages you from doing the wrong thing.
Deference
Noun: courteous regard for people’s feelings Synonym: respect, respectfulness Sure you wear ripped jeans to school every day, but you don’t wear them to your grandmother’s house out of deference to her. When you show deference to someone, you make a gesture of respect. The noun deference goes with the verb defer, which means “to yield to someone’s opinions or wishes out of respect for that person.” If you and your dad disagree about the best route to the grocery store, you might defer to him, and take his route. You’re taking his route out of deference to his opinion and greater experience.
Zeal
Noun: a feeling of strong eagerness (usually in favor of a person or cause) Synonym: ardor, elan Zeal is dedication or enthusiasm for something. If you have zeal, you’re willing, energized, and motivated. Zeal is often used in a religious sense, meaning devotion to God or another religious cause, like being a missionary. Zeal doesn’t have to be religious, though: a feeling of gusto and enthusiasm for anything can be called zeal. People have zeal for sports teams, bands, causes, and (often, but not always) their jobs. If you have passion for something, you have zeal, which is kind of a mix of eagerness and energy and devotion.
Prowling
Verb: move about in or as if in a predatory manner Synonym: lurch If you move stealthily — like you’re looking for something to prey on — then you prowl. Your cat might prowl around the room and pounce on your feet, which is cute if you’re awake, but annoying when you’re asleep. The noun prowl means the act of moving as if to capture prey. You could take a prowl through the music shop and try to find your favorite vintage album. Prowl is also used in the phrase “on the prowl,” which implies that the person doing the prowling is looking for a romantic partner. Your idea of a fun Saturday night might be staying home while your friends go on the prowl at the dance club.
Careworn
Adjective: showing the wearing effects of overwork or care or suffering Synonym: worn tired
Bleak
Adjective: unpleasantly cold and damp Synonym: dim Something that is bleak is gloomy and depressing. If it’s raining and dark, you might describe the night as bleak. If you have looked for work and no one will hire you, you could describe your prospects as bleak. If you and the ten people sharing your lifeboat have been adrift for ten days and are down to your last cracker, your situation is bleak. A near synonym is dismal. Bleak is from Middle English bleik, from Old Norse bleikr “white, pale.” This word is related to the English word bleach.
Mendaciously
Adjective: in a mendacious and untruthful manner Synonyms: untruthful
Prudent
Adjective: careful and sensible; marked by sound judgment Synonym: careful, provident, responsible Describe an action as prudent if it is the wise thing to do under the existing circumstances. If you’re getting in trouble, it is probably prudent to keep your mouth closed and just listen. If you show good and careful judgment when handling practical matters, you can be described as prudent. Similarly, a wise and well-thought-through decision or action can be called prudent. The word comes from a contracted form of the Latin prōvidēns from the verb “to foresee.” The English word provident “wise in planning for the future” is the non-contracted descendent of the same Latin root.
Perilous
Adjective: fraught with danger Synonym: precarious Something that is dangerous or very risky can be described with the adjective perilous. If you are driving in a blizzard, you may kick yourself for making such a perilous journey. The adjective perilous comes from the Latin word periculum, meaning dangerous. Words from the same root include peril, a noun meaning a dangerous situation, and imperil, a verb meaning to put in danger. The last thing you want to do as a parent is to imperil your children. Unfortunately, childhood is filled with peril — from climbing on the monkey bars to eating paste, dirt, or bugs. If you think you can prevent all perilous situations, you haven’t been a parent very long!
Bickering
Noun: a quarrel about petty points Synonym: Squabble
Forfeit
Verb: lose (s.th.) or lose the right to (s.th.) by some error, offense, or crime Synonym: forego, give up Forfeit means to lose or give up something, usually as a penalty. If you don’t finish your homework and eat all your broccoli, you’ll most likely forfeit your right to watch TV before going to bed. An adjective, noun, and verb all rolled into one, forfeit came into existence around 1300 meaning “to lose by misconduct.” To forfeit is to lose or give up something as punishment for making an error. A forfeit is what is lost. You’ve probably heard of forfeiting a game or match — like when you don’t show up with enough players or pick one too many fights with the opposing team.
Truce
Noun: a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms Synonym: ceasefire, armistice When two warring sides decide to call it quits, it’s called a truce — an agreement to end the fighting. When there’s a truce, the two sides stop attacking each other, catch their breath, and try to work out a peace deal. A truce isn’t a permanent solution: it’s more like a time-out. People with other kinds of conflicts talk about truces, too. If you and your sister are in an ongoing battle, one of you could say, “Can we please call a truce?” That means you’ll take a break from squabbling, at least for a while.
Ragtag
Noun: disparaging terms for the common people Synonym: Folks, common people, rabble
Whiff
Noun: a short light gust of air Synonym: puff, puff of air A whiff can mean the hint of something you smell. When you drive past the sewage treatment plant and suddenly roll up your car windows, it’s usually because you’ve gotten a whiff of the plant’s special odor. Whiff can be used as either a noun or verb, and it implies a brief or small puff or sniff. A person can have “a whiff of the exotic,” which means they are living like the rest of us, but there is a little something about them that seems foreign or different. Sometimes, of course, odors are so overpowering that a small sniff is all you need: “Take a whiff of this,” your friend might say to you, holding out a carton of sour milk. In that case, one whiff will be more than enough.
Equivocate
Verb: be deliberately ambiguous or unclear in order to mislead or withhold information Synonym: palter, beat around the bush When you are unwilling to make a decision and almost intentionally go back and forth between two choices, you are equivocating. When politicians equivocate, they are often afraid of upsetting, and thus alienating, voters with their decisions. A key part of equivocate is the root vocate which come from the Latin vocare or “voice.” When you give your voice to two opposing views in order to mislead or keep your options open, you’re equivocating. Think of the expression, to talk out of both sides of your mouth. If you want to go to a party and your parents keep saying “maybe, it depends,” tell them to stop equivocating and give you a straight answer.
Impunity
Noun: exemption from punishment or loss Synonym: exemption If doing something usually results in punishment, but you do it with impunity, you will not be punished for the deed. Students are not allowed to chew gum in school, but teachers do it with impunity. Not fair! The noun, impunity, comes from the Latin roots im- “not” plus poena “punishment,” a root which has also produced the word pain. Impunity, then, is the freedom from punishment or pain. If someone has committed a punishable offense but does not have to fear punishment, he or she does it “with impunity.” Cybercriminals operate with impunity from some Eastern European countries.
Puny
Adjective: (used especially of persons) of inferior size Synonym: runty, shrimpy Are your muscles looking small, weak, and totally inferior? In other words, puny? Sounds like somebody needs to eat more spinach. Tiny, shrimpy, wimpy and totally unthreatening. That’s puny in a nutshell — a very small, totally lame looking nutshell. It’s most often used to describe someone’s inferior physique, but can also apply to anything little that’s not about to get in your way. A puny mountain would be no challenge to an Olympic skier, just as a puny plate of hot dogs would be laughable to a world speed-eating champion.
Wrench
Noun: a sharp strain on muscles or ligaments Verb: twist or pull violently or suddenly Synonym: Twist, pull To wrench means to grab or pull something with a lot of physical force. See this teddy bear? If you want it, you’ll have to wrench it out of my hands, because I’m not willing to give it up. Maybe you have a wrench at home, that is, a hand tool that is used to hold or twist a nut or a pipe joint. If so, you also have a great way to remember what wrench the verb means. Just imagine you’re twisting with a wrench, except instead of using a tool, you’re using your hands. If something is heart wrenching, it makes you feel very sad. If you wrench a part of your body, you strain, pull or twist it, injuring yourself in some way.
Benighted
Adjective: lacking enlightenment or knowledge or culture Being called benighted is much like being called naive. It means lacking in knowledge or understanding—the kind you might have if you were older or more sophisticated. Although it sounds a lot like “being knighted”, benighted has nothing to do with knights and, in fact, includes the word “night” (as in the opposite of day) and not “knight” (as in “of the Round Table”). One way to remember what benighted means is to think of a person “being nighted” or, put into the dark. A benighted person is in the dark about things: they don’t know because they can’t see. The Dark Ages are thought to have been a benighted time, full of primitive ideas.
