Gray's Anatomy

Question 1

What are the true and lesser pelvis and roughly where are they?

Answer 1

False pelvis (greater pelvis) - superior region related to upper parts of the pelvic bones and lower lumbar vertebrae - Roughly from the iliac crest down to pubic tubercles (i guess - see diagram)

True pelvis (lesser pelvis) - related to the inferior parts of the pelvic bones, sacrum and coccyx. Includes pelvic inlet, outlet

Question 2

The boundaries of the perineum form the …. ….

Answer 2

The boundaries of the perineum form the pelvic outlet

Question 3

Rectum to anal canal to anal aperture

At what level does the rectum terminate at the anal canal?

Answer 3

Vertebra S3

Question 4

1) What is the root of the external genitalia in women?
2) What else is contained within the root of the external genitalia?

Answer 4

1) Clitoris
2) Erectile (vascular) tissues and associated skeletal muscles

Question 5

What is the root of the external genitalia in women (the clitoris) anchored to?

Answer 5

The clitoris is anchored to the

1. Bony margin of the anterior half of the pelvis
2. Surrounding perineal membrane

Question 6

Borders of the pelvic inlet?

Answer 6

Imagine a circle-ish, kinda heart-shaped-ish hole, starting from the sacral promontory posteriorly and draw fingers round in a circle to meet anteriorly - this is the order being listed below:

1) Sacral promontory (edge of vertebra S1)
2) Arcuate line of the ilium
3) Iliopubic eminence
4) Pectineal line
5) Pubic crest
6) Pubic symphysis

Question 7

1) Which 2 ligaments link the pelvic bone to the sacrum and coccyx - what are their origins? (Obviously their insertions are into the sacrum and coccyx)
2) What foramina do they create?

Answer 7

1) Sacrotuberous ligament (from ischial tuberosity to sacrum / coccyx) and sacrospinous ligament to the sacrum and coccyx
2) Greater and lesser sciatic foramina

Question 8

Which 2 muscles arise from the pelvis and exit through the sciatic foramina?

Answer 8

The piriformis and obturator internus muscle

The piriformis passes through the greater sciatic foramina

The obturator internus passes through the lesser sciatic foramina and covers the obturator foramina also

Question 9

Name 3 pelvic foramina

Answer 9

1) Greater sciatic foramina
2) Lesser sciatic foramina
3) Obturator foramina

Question 10

Pubic arch consists of?

Answer 10

Anteriorly, the pubic symphysis. Then, extending postero-laterally, the inferior margin of the pubic bone, culminating at the ischial tuberosity

Question 11

Borders of the pelvic outlet?

Answer 11

• Anterior: inferior margin of the pubic symphysis
• Anteriolateral: inferior rami of the pubis and ischial tuberosities
• Posterolateral: inferior margins of the sacrotuberous ligaments
• Posterior: anterior border of the coccyx

Question 12

What are the 3 levator ani muscles - from top to bottom?

Answer 12

1) Ileococcygeus muscle
2) Pubococcygeus muscle
3) Puborectalis muscle

Question 13

2 of the levator ani muscles are connected at the midline by the …..

Answer 13

2 of the levator ani muscles which attach posteriorly are connected in the midline by a connective tissue - the midline raphe

Question 14

Which muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?

Answer 14

• Muscles of the levator ani, including:
  
  • Iliococcygeus muscle
  • Pubococcygeus muscle
  • Puborectalis muscle
• And posteriorly the … Coccygeus muscle

Question 15

Describe the location of the coccygeus muscles

Answer 15

The coccygeus muscles overlie the sacrospinous ligaments and pass between the margins of the sacrum and coccyx and the ischial spine

Question 16

The pelvic floor is supported anteriorly by what 2 things?

Answer 16

The pelvic floor is supported anteriorly by the perineal membrane and muscles of the deep perineal pouch

Question 17

The perineal membrane is a thick, triangular … sheet that fills the space between the arms of the … … , and has a free posterior border

Answer 17

The perineal membrane is a thick, triangular sheet that fills the space between the arms of the pubic arch and has a free posterior border

Question 18

The pelvic cavity is lined by … that is continuous with … that drapes over the superior aspects of the pelvic viscera, but in most regions, does not reach the pelvic floor

Answer 18

The pelvic cavity is lined by peritoneum that is continuous with the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity that drapes over the superior aspects of the pelvic viscera, but in most regions, does not reach the pelvic floor

Question 19

How can you divide the perineum and what are the anterior and posterior divisions called?

Answer 19

• Divide by drawing an imaginary line between the ischial tuberosities
• Anterior: Urogenital triangle - contains the roots of the external genitalia, and in women, the openings of the urethra and vagina
• Posterior: Anal triangle - contains the anal aperture