Gravetter chp 1+2 Terminologi

Question 1

Statistics

Answer 1

A set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and and interpreting information.

Question 2

Population

Answer 2

Characteristic of all the individuals of interest in a particular study.

Question 3

Sample

Answer 3

A set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study.

Question 4

Variable

Answer 4

A characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals. Fx depressionsscore for alle børn af forældre med alkoholproblemer.

Question 5

Data set

Answer 5

Collection of measurements of observations.

Question 6

Datum (sing)

Answer 6

A single measurement or observation, is commonly called a score or raw score.

Question 7

Parameter

Answer 7

A value, usually numeric, that describes a population. Usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population.

Question 8

Statistic (sing)

Answer 8

A value, usually numeric, that describes a sample. Usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population.

Question 9

Descriptive statistics

Answer 9

Statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data.

Question 10

Inferential statistics

Answer 10

Consists of techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected.

Question 11

Sampling error

Answer 11

The naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.

Question 12

Correlational method

Answer 12

Two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them.

Question 13

Experimental method

Answer 13

One variable is manipulated while another is observed and measured. To establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables, an experiment attempts to control all other variables to prevent them from influencing the results.

Question 14

Independent variable

Answer 14

The one that is manipulated. Usually consists of two or more treatment conditions to which subjects are exposed. It consists of the antecedent conditions that were manipulated prior to observing the dependent variable.

Question 15

Dependent variable

Answer 15

The one that is observed.

Question 16

Control condition

Answer 16

Individuals in this condition do not receive the experimental treatment. Provides a baseline for comparison.

Question 17

Experimental condition

Answer 17

Here, the individuals receive the experimental treatment.

Question 18

Quasi-independent variable

Answer 18

In a nonexperimental study, this is the variable used to create the different groups of scores.

Question 19

Constructs

Answer 19

Internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior.

Question 20

Operational definition

Answer 20

Identifies a measurement procedure for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct. It has two components; first, it describes a set of operations for measuring a construct. Secondly, it defines the construct in terms of the resulting measurements.

Question 21

Discrete variable

Answer 21

Consists of separate, indivisible categories. No values can exist between two neighbouring categories.

Question 22

Continuous variable

Answer 22

There are an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values. A continuous variable is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts.

Question 23

Real limits

Answer 23

The boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line. The real limit separating two adjacent scores is located exactly halfway between the scores. Each score has two real limits. Upper and lower real limit.

Question 24

Nominal scale

Answer 24

Consists of a set of categories that have different names. Measurements on a nominal scale label and categorize observations, but do not make any quantitative distinctions between objects.

Question 25

Ordinal scale

Answer 25

Consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence. Measurements on an ordinal scale rank observations in terms of size or magnitude.

Question 26

Interval scale

Answer 26

Consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size. Equal differences between numbers on scale reflect equal differences in magnitude. However, the zero point on an interval scale is arbitrary and does not indicate a zero amount of the variable being measured.

Question 27

Ratio scale

Answer 27

An interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point. With a ratio scale, ratios of numbers do reflect ratios of magnitude.

Question 28

Frequency distribution

Answer 28

An organized tabulation of the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement.

Question 29

Symmetrical distribution

Answer 29

In this, it is possible to draw a vertical line through the middle so that one side is a mirror image of the other.

Question 30

Skewed distribution

Answer 30

Here, the scores tend to pile up toward one end of the scale and taper off gradually at the other end.

Question 31

Tail of the distribution

Answer 31

The low end of a skewed distribution.

Question 32

Rank/Percentile rank

Answer 32

The percentage of individuals in the distribution with scores at or below the particular value.

Question 33

Percentile

Answer 33

This is the what a score is called when it is identified by its percentile rank.