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4th Year > Grass > Flashcards

Grass Flashcards

1
Q

Benefits of red clover in the diet

A

Can improve the fatty acid content of milk, but don’t feed to sheep 6-8 weeks pre/post mating

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2
Q

What is the grazing residual of red clover?

A

6cm

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3
Q

What is the inclusion rate of RC?

A

4kg

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4
Q

Benefits of a clover sward?

A

Produces more milk with a higher quality intake

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5
Q

How much N can WC fix?

A

140kg N/ha/year

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6
Q

What is the life expectancy of clover?

A

5 years

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7
Q

How much clover do you sow when over-sowing?

A

5kg/ha with one bag of 0:70:30 but if it is an existing clover sward then only sow 2.5kg/ha

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8
Q

In what soils is there maximum clover productivity?

A

Medium to free draining loam soils

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9
Q

Every 1 tonne of grass utilised increases profitability by how much on dairy farms?

A

€181/ha on dairy farms and €105/ha on dry stock farms

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10
Q

What is the DM intake of a 600kg cow per day?

A

15-19kg

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11
Q

How long do cows spend grazing?

A

7-9 hours per day

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12
Q

What is the rotation length in a leader follower system?

A

4-5 days

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13
Q

How much CP is in grazed grass?

A

180-250g/kg/DM

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13
Q

Best indication of pasture quality?

A

Organic Matter Digestibility, used to calculate GE content. Higher the OMD, higher the UFL

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14
Q

What is the DMD of Autumn grass?

A

80%

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15
Q

What is the substitution rate for grass for every 1kg DM of grass silage fed?

A

0.9kg DM

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16
Q

What is the optimum proportion of maize silage in the diet?

A

33%

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17
Q

What benefits does maize silage have in the diet?

A

Good energy, increased DMI

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18
Q

What are the maize nutrient requirements?

A

180kg/ha potash, 40kg/ha of phosphate and 150kg/ha of N

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19
Q

Overgrazing

A

Post grazing sward height of less than 3.5cm

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20
Q

3.5-4cm represents how many kg DM/ha?

A

0.50kg DM/ha

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21
Q

What is the grass organic matter digestibility (OMD) used for?

A

Energy content/UFL/UFV value

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22
Q

What is the water soluble carb (WSC) content of grazed grass?

A

150-200kg DM

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23
Q

Length of true stem in PRG

A

3cm

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24
Q

Length of the final grazing rotation of the year?

A

40-45 days

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25
Q

Average farm cover in late November?

A

550-600kg DM/ha @ 2.5 LU/ha

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26
Q

60:40 autumn grassland plan?

A

60% grazed by 1st November

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27
Q

Spring turnout farm cover?

A

900-1000kg DM/ha

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28
Q

Complete 1st rotation by what date?

A

1st April to 15th April

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29
Q

3 pieces of info the spring rotation planner needs?

A

Date of turnout, date of finished 1st rotation, and area of ground to be grazed

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30
Q

Forward creep grazing of lambs can increase weaning weight by?

A

2kg

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31
Q

Target weight gain of a lamb at grass post-weaning?

A

150g/day

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32
Q

Issue of over-lush grass with horses

A

Inefficient use and risk of laminitis

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33
Q

Consequences of selective grazing?

A

Patchy swards, weeds, overgrazing, and nutrient depletion

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34
Q

How much of long established horse pasture is grazed?

A

10%

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35
Q

How to tackle patchy swards?

A

Mixed grazing and over-sowing

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36
Q

How much N is applied to horse pasture?

A

25-30kg N/acre

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37
Q

Rest period for horse grazing benefits?

A

Decrease worm burden

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38
Q

Target pH of horse paddocks?

A

6-6.5

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39
Q

Sheep more favourable in mixed grazing with horses because?

A

Less damage during wet weather

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40
Q

Why is harrowing carried out in the spring?

A

Remove dead material from the base of the sward

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41
Q

Chain harrowing in autumn purpose?

A

Break up dung patches and increase breakdown rate

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42
Q

What depth does shallow compaction go down to?

A

10cm

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43
Q

Research in Teagasc suggested what as a strategy to permit early spring grazing?

A

Allow cows restricted access time to grazed pasture daily

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44
Q

In early grazing, what sort livestock should be let out first?

A

Lighter cattle should be let out first

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45
Q

Grass DM requirement of an animal?

A

2%

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46
Q

Target number of days: April-June, July-August, September-closing

A

April-June = 12-14 days, July-August = 16-18 days, September-closing = 25 days

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47
Q

3 elements in KT grassland management programme?

A

Soil fertility, reseeding policy, and grass utilisation

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48
Q

% of mid-season lambs to be drafted by end of September?

A

70-85%

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49
Q

How long should it take to graze out a paddock during the main grazing season?

A

5 days

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50
Q

Rest period length for paddocks over the winter months?

A

120 days

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51
Q

Grass DM that a lactating ewe will eat daily?

A

3.2kg DM/day

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52
Q

Characteristics of RC?

A

Short life span, erect growth habit, good winter hardiness

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53
Q

What is the function of PPO (Polyphenol Oxidase)?

A

Inhibition of post-harvest proteolysis by inhibiting activity of the plant proteases in the silo

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54
Q

How many tillers present in high sward density?

A

30,000

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55
Q

Clover in horse pasture?

A

0%

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56
Q

Laminitis definition?

A

Inflammation and weakening of the laminae that bonds the hoof wall to the pedal bone in the hoof – Spring and Autumn high risk periods

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57
Q

What is in ragwort to make it poisonous?

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids – causes inhibitions of normal repair in the liver and inhibits its regeneration

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58
Q

What is the % of silage in the feed budget in beef and dairy farms?

A

Beef = 24-38%, Dairy = 19-25%

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59
Q

Buffering capacity definition?

A

The equivalents of acid per unit DM required to lower crop pH from 6 to 4

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60
Q

Typical buffering capacity in grass?

A

250-350 mEq/kg

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61
Q

What is the DM content of crimped grain?

A

60-70%

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62
Q

What is the DM content of urea-treated grain?

A

65-72%

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63
Q

Why is 85% of maize grown under film?

A

Increases temperature & DM yield

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64
Q

When should silage be tested?

A

At least 6 weeks after ensiling

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65
Q

What is the annual average of clover that should be in the sward?

A

20-25%

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66
Q

Why is RC more drought resistant than WC?

A

RC has tap roots

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67
Q

How much N can RC fix?

A

200kg of N/ha/year

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68
Q

How much N can WC fix annually?

A

100-150kg of N/ha/year

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69
Q

A PRG/RC sward can yield how many tonnes of DM per year?

A

11-13t DM/year

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70
Q

What is the cost of producing 1t of usable silage DM at a yield of 5t?

A

€125 for 1st cut and €140 for 2nd

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71
Q

What is forage preservation based on?

A

Lactic acid fermentation under anaerobic conditions

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72
Q

What is the purpose of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria?

A

Fermentation of water soluble carbohydrates in the crop to lactic acid and acetic acid

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73
Q

As pH is decreased…

A

Spoilage organisms are inhibited

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74
Q

What are the 4 phases of the ensiling process?

A

Aerobic phase, fermentation phase, stable phase, and feed-out phase

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75
Q

How long does the anaerobic stage of the ensiling process last?

A

Few hours

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76
Q

What will develop if fermentation is successful?

A

Lactic acid bacteria

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77
Q

What is the pH range of silage?

A

3.8-5.0

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78
Q

What are the 2 phases of feed out?

A

Degradation of preserving OA’s and rise in pH/activity of spoilage organisms

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79
Q

What can DM increase be achieved by?

A

Delaying harvest and wilting

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80
Q

What helps to accelerate loss of water from a plant?

A

Disruption of the cuticle

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81
Q

What are the primary fermentable substrates in temperate grasses?

A

Glucose, fructose, sucrose, and fructans

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82
Q

Disadvantages of RC?

A

Unsuitable to intensive grazing, yield declines over time, can lead to bloat in ruminants

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83
Q

When sowing a RC/PRG mix what should the ratio in the seed mix be?

A

3:1

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84
Q

Why is it important to encourage stolon growth throughout the year?

A

To ensure high survival rates over the winter

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85
Q

How much WC should be included per ha?

A

4.63kg/ha

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86
Q

How much grass is sown per ha?

A

14kg/ha for diploid and 16kg/ha for tetraploid

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87
Q

If a plant has a caespitose growth habit, what does it mean?

A

Grows in tufts

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88
Q

What type of growth habit does WC have?

A

Stoloniferous

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89
Q

What is the usual inclusion rate of WC in a seed mixture?

A

1kg/ha

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90
Q

How much clover would you usually find in a permanent pasture in Ireland?

A

Rarely more than 5%

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91
Q

For high clover establishment, how much will need to be incorporated in a seed mix?

A

3-4kg/ha

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92
Q

In relation to WC, what are the characteristics of varieties with medium sized leaves?

A

Moderate stolon density and suitable for frequent close grazing

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93
Q

Characteristics of large leaves?

A

Longer petioles and fewer stolons, suitable for lax rotational grazing

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94
Q

When does WC have a lower leaf photosynthesis than grasses?

A

Spring

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95
Q

When does WC have a higher leaf photosynthesis than grasses?

A

Summer

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96
Q

Over the summer period, which animals should be grazed on WC ground?

A

Priority stock

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97
Q

When does WC rebuild its stolon/leaf reserves?

A

Autumn

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98
Q

What is the recovery period over the winter for WC swards?

A

100-150days

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99
Q

What would the CP content of a WC/PRG sward be?

A

21%

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100
Q

Advantages of WC?

A

Increased intakes and mineral content

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101
Q

Disadvantages of WC?

A

Persistence issues, bloat, difficult to control docks

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102
Q

On a heavy farm what should the grazing targets be?

A

Turnout late Feb/early March, 30% grazed by March 10th. 60% grazed by March 27th and 100% grazed by mid-April

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103
Q

Target average farm cover during main grazing season?

A

450-600kg DM/ha

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104
Q

Stocking rate for adequate feeding of cows at pasture?

A

4.5 cows/ha

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105
Q

What % of leaf should you maintain in the sward ahead of the cows?

A

65%

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106
Q

Stocking rate of 2.5 cows/ha how much ground can be taken off for silage?

A

45-50%

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107
Q

Priority when supplementing grass?

A

Maximise production

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108
Q

Advantages of mixed grazing?

A

Increases pasture utilisation and reduces pasture burden

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109
Q

What is the maximum ratio of field sides in grazing systems?

A

4:1

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110
Q

% N in atmosphere?

A

78%

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111
Q

Type of plant that has the ability to fix atmospheric N?

A

Legumes

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112
Q

What type of bacteria form a symbiotic relationship with legumes?

A

Rhizobium

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113
Q

What is N gas converted to in the root nodules of the plant?

A

Ammonia (NH3)

114
Q

What form of N do bacteria provide for the legume plant?

A

Ammonium

115
Q

Benefit of symbiotic relationship for bacteria?

A

Legume provides them with CHO for energy

116
Q

What is growth in legumes directly related to?

A

Rate of N fixation

117
Q
  1. What height should grass be cut to when measuring using a quadrat and shears?
A

a. 4cm

118
Q

During periods of continuous rain what should you estimate grass DM to be?

A

12-15%

119
Q

DM in 1st rotation in spring?

A

18-19%

120
Q

DM during drought?

A

22-23%

121
Q

For high clover establishment, how much will need to be incorporated in the seed mix?

A

3-4kg/ha

122
Q

What grazing technique should be employed on WC ground in spring to ensure grazing quality for later in the season?

A

Frequent rotational or continuous grazing

123
Q

Why is it important to maintain a well-cushioned turf?

A

For horses to exercise, particularly young stock

124
Q

What happens to overgrazed areas?

A

They become depleted of nutrients

125
Q

After rejuventation, how much of a horse pasture will be grazed?

A

20-30%

126
Q

With horses, when should grazing occur?

A

Just before the rate of grass leaf growth declines

127
Q

What is the carrying rate of high quality grassland?

A

3-4 light horses (400kg)/ha, 4-6 smaller ponies/ha

128
Q

How much do heavy breeding mares (700-800kg BW) require on good temperate summer grassland?

A

0.7-10ha/mare and foal

129
Q

When following cattle, how much should be allocated to a mare and foal?

A

1.5-2.0ha

130
Q

Rotational grazing, cutting excess herbage and N input of 80-150kg N/ha can support how many horses?

A

2-2.5 growing horses/ha

131
Q

Why should hay be made from paddocks that have been previously grazed by horses?

A

Parasite control

132
Q

Compare tetraploid to diploid varieties of PRG

A

Tetraploid have larger tillers, lower tiller densities, lower DM content, higher WSC, are susceptible to poaching

133
Q

What is the average farm size in Ireland?

A

32ha

134
Q

Grassland accounts for what % of total land use in Ireland?

A

59%

135
Q

Leys advantages

A

soil fertility, weed, pest and disease control

136
Q

Common sown grasses

A

PRG, IRG, Cocksfoot, Timothy, Meadow Fescue

137
Q

PRG Characteristics

A

Rapid establishment, good tillering, dense sward, high DM yields and good digestibility, excellent production response to fertile conditions and fertiliser N

138
Q

Heading Date

A

Approximate date around which 50% of reproductive tillers will produce seed heads

139
Q

What 3 species account for nearly all of the agricultural grass/clover seed sold in Ireland

A

PRG, IRG, WC

140
Q

3 seed categories based on heading dates

A

early, intermediate, late

141
Q

Early seed

A

heads in first half of May, use of this declined due to stemmy regrowth in summer

142
Q

Intermediate seed

A

head in second half of May, produce high quality silage cuts, good sward density

143
Q

Late seed

A

head in first half of June, high tiller density, well suited to long term grazing pastures, good quality silage cuts in early June

144
Q

Diploid

A

high tiller density, higher DM%, slightly lower DMD, lower yielding

145
Q

Tetraploid

A

low tiller density, lower DM%, high DMD, higher yielding

146
Q

Vigorous swards

A

a sward that can grow out of season, have a high tiller density and provide adequate grass production when required

147
Q

Reseeding advantages

A

increase the productivity, higher level of regrowth, respond better to applied N, improve grass quality, reduce silage requirements

148
Q

Temperature requirements for autumn reseeding

A

6oC for grass seedlings/ 8oC for clover seedlings

149
Q

What month is the most suitable for Autumn reseeding

A

August

150
Q

Soil fertility

A

the quality of a soil that enables it to provide nutrients in adequate amounts and in proper balance for the growth of specific plants or crops

151
Q

Phosphorus (P) function

A

Essential for root development and sward establishment

152
Q

Potassium (K) function

A

Controls the loss of water by transpiration through the leaf pores, sugar formation and root development, and transport of metabolites and nutrients within the plant

153
Q

Optimum pH for grassland

A

pH 6.3

154
Q

Conventional reseeding method

A

spray off old sward, shallow ploughing (<15cm), lime, land level, fertiliser, sow the seed, roll

155
Q

Alternative reseeding methods to conventional

A

discing, one pass, direct drilling (stitching in, undersowing, oversowing)

156
Q

Tillering

A

development of a plant that is similar to the parent plant from a bud that is formed as each new leaf appears in the leaf axial

157
Q

A tiller normally develops in the axial of the first leaf at what leaf stage?

A

3-4 leaf stage

158
Q

Cost of reseeding 2023

A

€540/ac

159
Q

3 main elements that need to be returned to the soil following grazing/harvesting

A

N, P, K

160
Q

Nitrate poisoning

A

caused by high nitrate levels during a flush of growth after a dry period, particularly in late autumn or winter. Build up in herbage when nitrate is taken up by plant faster than it can be converted into protein

161
Q

Livestock manure loading shall not exceed how many kg organic N/ha/year

A

170kg organic N/ha/year

162
Q

How much fertiliser N is taken up by grass

A

70-80%

163
Q

Sources of N

A

Atmospheric deposition (12 kg/ha/year), Background release (soil organic N), Clover (100-150 kg/ha/year), Animal excreta, FYM/slurry, Fertiliser

164
Q

Average DM% cattle slurry on Irish farms is…

A

6.3% (0.4-11.9%)

165
Q

EU Nitrates Directive - National Action Programme (NAP) regulations, statutory instrument (SI) 31 of 2014 Aim to?

A

prevent pollution of surface waters and groundwater from agricultural sources and to protect and improve water quality

166
Q

LESS

A

Low Emission Slurry Spreading

167
Q

Concentration of Ca in grass

A

4-12 g Ca/kg DM

168
Q

Soil acidity

A

Reduces earthworm and microbial activity, build up of dead material, tiller production is reduced, nutrients are locked up

169
Q

Intensive and semi-intensive grasslands represent what % of total land use

A

2%

170
Q

Grassland accounts for what % of Irish agricultural land area

A

92%

171
Q

Why is knowing soil temp important?

A

To know when the plant is growing so that N fertilisers can be applied to promote growth at the opportune time

172
Q

Hybrid Ryegrass

A

IRG x PRG, appearance reflect one parental type, out of season growth IRG, sward density PRG, more persistent than IRG

173
Q

Reasons to reseed for grazing

A

10-20% more productive tillers, longer growing season, rapid regrowth, higher palatability/digestibility

174
Q

Reasons to reseed for silage

A

higher grass quality, easier to preserve (higher sugar content), faster recovery, consistently higher yields

175
Q

Tiller deaths greatest when?

A

May/June

176
Q

Tiller numbers greatest when?

A

March-May and July-August

177
Q

Average leaf longevity for PRG is…

A

33 days

178
Q

What is the most abundant element in the atmosphere

A

Gaseous N (78%)

179
Q

Minimum g N/kg DM required for optimum photosynthesis

A

30 g N/kg DM

180
Q

15t DM/ha/year requires the uptake of how many kg N/ha

A

15,000 kg DM @ avg. 18.75% CP (18.75 x 16% protein = 3% N) = 450 kg N/ha

181
Q

Nitrogen banding: kg N/year for band 1, 2, and 3 based on milk yield p.a.

A

Band 1 - 80kg N/year for <4,500kg milk yield p.a.
Band 2 - 92kg N/year for 4,501-6,500kg milk yield p.a.
Band 3 - 106kg N/year for >6,500kg milk yield p.a.

182
Q

CAN has what % N?

A

27% N

183
Q

Urea has what % N?

A

46% N

184
Q

Grazing height for cattle

A

5-8cm

185
Q

Grazing height for sheep

A

3-6cm

186
Q

What % of ammonia emissions come from agriculture?

A

99%

187
Q

K content of grass in g/kg DM

A

25-40g/kg DM

188
Q

Crude protein content of grass

A

~18.75%

189
Q

What is the Irish land area in hectares?

A

6.9 million

190
Q

AAU stands for what?

A

Agricultural Area Utilised

191
Q

Grassland accounts for what percent of the world’s surface?

A

40%

192
Q

Land use change is…

A

Very slow

193
Q

What is the temperature range in Ireland?

A

9oC to 10.5oC

194
Q

What is the variation of the length of rainfall in Ireland?

A

200-270 days

195
Q

In relation to Food Wise 2025, what target are dairy farmers looking to meet?

A

Increasing grass utilisation to 10t/ha

196
Q

What is the variation of annual rainfall in Ireland?

A

750-1450mm

197
Q

In what month does grass growth almost cease?

A

November

198
Q

What is the annual DM yield in Ireland?

A

11-15t/ha

199
Q

What percent of global land use does total grassland make up?

A

25%

200
Q

What percentage of global grassland is located in Europe?

A

13%

201
Q

Intensive and semi-intensive grasslands represent what percentage of total land use?

A

2%

202
Q

Species-rich grassland began forming approximately how many years ago?

A

15-13,000 years ago

203
Q

Grassland accounts for what percentage of land use in Ireland?

A

59%

204
Q

On average, how many hours of sunshine does Ireland receive each year?

A

1400-1700

205
Q

In Ireland’s coastal areas, how many days of frost occur on average?

A

<25

206
Q

Topography governs what aspect of soil?

A

Position on the landscape

207
Q

Permeability refers to soil’s ability to:

A

Allow water to pass through

208
Q

What is the annual profitability variance between well-drained and poorly drained soils in Ireland?

A

28k

209
Q

What percentage of national greenhouse gases did Irish agriculture contribute in 2021?

A

37.5%

210
Q

Ireland aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by what percentage by 2030?

A

25%

211
Q

Grassland comprises what percentage of agricultural land in Ireland?

A

90-92%

212
Q

How much were Irish dairy exports worth in 2021?

A

5 billion

213
Q

The dairy sector accounts for what percentage of agriculture-related emissions in Ireland?

A

40%

214
Q

The dairy sector uses approximately what percentage of all chemical nitrogen?

A

50%

215
Q

Approximately how many days is Ireland’s grazing season?

A

200-300+

216
Q

Annual dry matter yield for grassland in Ireland ranges between

A

11-15t/ha

217
Q

Biomass is defined as:

A

Weight of living organisms at a specific time

218
Q

How long does a short-term ley last?

A

1-2 years

219
Q

How many years is a medium-term ley?

A

3 years+

220
Q

Permanent pasture is defined as land that has been under grass for at least how many years without other crops?

A

5 years

221
Q

A ley is made up of grass and what other plant?

A

Legumes

222
Q

Leys gained popularity around which historical period?

A

World War II

223
Q

Ireland is required to maintain what minimum percentage of permanent grassland?

A

> 5%

224
Q

How many species of volunteer grasses are found in Ireland?

A

100

225
Q

Westerwolds and Multiflorum are species of which type of grass?

A

IRG

226
Q

Perennial Ryegrass (PRG) makes up what percentage of grass seed sales in Ireland?

A

95%

227
Q

The heading date is defined as the date when what percentage of reproductive tillers produce seed heads?

A

50%

228
Q

Which category of heading date is the most popular?

A

Late (84%)

229
Q

Grass ploidy refers to the number of what in the cell nucleus?

A

Chromosomes

230
Q

PRG have flattened spikelets containing how many florets?

A

8-12

231
Q

Italian ryegrass only lasts approximately how many years?

A

3

232
Q

What weight in kg of PRG seeds were imported?

A

3,000,000kg

233
Q

In regards to tetraploid vs diploid, which of the following has a higher DM?

A

Diploid

234
Q

What does DUS stand for?

A

Distinct, Uniform, and Stable

235
Q

What does VCU stand for?

A

Value for Cultivation and Use

236
Q

Diploids have how many chromosomes, and Tetraploids have how many?

A

2=Diploid
4=Tetraploid

237
Q

For a grass variety to make the national list, it must be how much better than the existing variety?

A

50%

238
Q

What percentage of land is reseeded annually?

A

2-3%

239
Q

What is the target turnaround time for reseeding?

A

60 days (8-9 weeks)

240
Q

How many months does it take for a sward to fully establish?

A

11 months

241
Q

What percentage of PRG should you aim for in a sward?

A

60%

242
Q

Creeping bentgrass has only what percent production potential of PRG?

A

75%

243
Q

By what percent does milk output increase per hectare after reseeding compared to permanent pasture?

A

8%

244
Q

Autumn reseeding takes longer for grass to establish; how long does it take?

A

8-10 weeks compared to 4-6

245
Q

What does an embryo contain?

A

Tissues that develop into the new seedling plant

246
Q

What is the Coleorhiza?

A

A protective covering for the primary root

247
Q

How deep should you plough when reseeding?

A

15cm

248
Q

When direct drilling, what space should you leave between each grass slot?

A

2-5 inches

249
Q

Which reseeding method does not require spraying off with glyphosate before reseeding?

A

Chemical application of diquat to suppress existing sward (diq)

250
Q

In kg, how much seed is recommended to sow per hectare?

A

35kg/ha

251
Q

What is the maximum amount of tetraploids you should use with your silage mixture?

A

40%

252
Q

What is the maximum amount of tetraploids you should use with your wetland mixture?

A

15-20%

253
Q

What is the maximum amount of tetraploids you should use with your dryland mixture?

A

35-50%

254
Q

PRG seeds germinate within how many days if conditions are correct?

A

5-10 days

255
Q

Passive uptake of water takes place within how many hours?

A

12-24 hours

256
Q

How many days after planting does tall fescue begin to show?

A

0-6 days

257
Q

At what depth should a seed be buried to emerge successfully?

A

1-2cm

258
Q

Tillering is the development of a new plant from a bud formed where?

A

Leaf axial

259
Q

Which of the following is a factor affecting tiller production?

A

Defoliation

260
Q

How many leaves should perennial ryegrass (PRG) have at the time of grazing?

A

3 leaves

261
Q

What type of root system does perennial ryegrass (PRG) have?

A

Fibrous root system

262
Q

Which of the following is a pest commonly found in reseeding?

A

Leatherjackets

263
Q

Which element is removed in the highest amounts from grass?

A

Potassium (K), second only to Nitrogen (N)

264
Q

Where is potassium primarily concentrated within the grass plant?

A

Cell sap

265
Q

What is the maintenance requirement of phosphorus (P) for first-cut silage and hay in soils with index levels 1-3?

A

20kg/ha

266
Q

What is the maintenance phosphorus (P) requirement for second-cut hay and silage?

A

10kg/ha

267
Q

What is the ideal grassland stocking rate?

A

170kg/ha

268
Q

Good fertile soils should have a pH of approximately?

A

6.2

269
Q

What is the optimum pH target for grassland, according to Teagasc?

A

Above 6.3, with a target of 6.5

270
Q

When does surface acidity in grassland typically occur?

A

High rainfall and heavy use of nitrogen (above 55mm)

271
Q

What is the concentration range of calcium (Ca) in grass?

A

4-12 g/kg DM

272
Q

The optimum pH for cereal crops is?

A

6.5

273
Q

The optimum pH for white clover is?

A

7.0

274
Q

What type of bacteria do legume plants provide for energy?

A

Carbohydrate (CHO) bacteria

275
Q

What is the typical concentration of phosphorus (P) in herbage?

A

2-4 g/kg DM

276
Q

What is fixation?

A

Conversion of dinitrogen gas to chemically reactive forms

277
Q

What percentage of fertiliser nitrogen (N) is typically taken up by grass?

A

70-80%

278
Q

What percentage of nitrogen consumed in herbage is excreted?

A

75-90%

279
Q

When should you apply urea?

A

When the temperature is above 5°C and increasing

280
Q

What is leaching?

A

The process by which nitrate is leached easily when excess water percolates through the soil

281
Q

What is the function of potassium (K) in plants?

A

Regulates cell water content

282
Q

What is the optimum soil pH level for grassland?

A

At or above 6.3

4th Year (3 decks)

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