Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Hematology > Granulocytes > Flashcards

Granulocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Cytokines for granulopoeisis:

Neutrophils -

Eos -

Basophils -

A

Neutrophils G-CSF

Eosinophils IL-5

Basophils SCF (stem cell factor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Myeloblasts

A
  • agranular, primitive cells that differentiate to promyelocytes
  • earliest commited granulocyte precursor recognizeable by light microscopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Primary Granule Contents

A
  • myeloperoxidase
  • lysozyme
  • defensins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Secondary neutrophilic granule contents

A
  • lysozyme
  • lactoferrin
  • gelatinase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neutrophil maturation

A
  1. Myeloblast
  2. Progranulocyte
  3. Neutrophilic myelocyte
  4. Metamyelocyte
  5. Band Neut.
  6. Mature Neut
    1. blood
    2. tissue

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neutrophil cytokines

A

IL-L

GM-CSF (granulocyte/monocyte-colony stimulating factor)

G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Epinephrine response

A

aka “Excitement” or “physiologic” neutrophilia.

Decreased marginating pool, expanded circulating neutrophil pool can cause neutrophilia on the leukogram.

(also lymphopenia, eosinopenia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Corticosteroid response

A

“Stress neutrophilia”

  1. Decrease in marginating neutrophil pool, increase in circulating pool
  2. Incrased release of neutrophils form marrow storage pool
  3. Decreased extravasation and tissue migration of neutrophils.

May see increased segs, possibly bands on leukogram.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Toxic change in neutrophils

A
  • Retention of primary granules
  • Vacuolation
  • Darker staining (retention of ribosomes in cytoplasm)
  • Dohle bodies (dark blue irregular granules cauced by retained deposits of rough ER)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

DDX for Persistent neutopenia due to bone marrow disorder and inadequate granulopoiesis

(usually moderate to severe, with no left shift , and no toxic change)

A
  1. Acquired neutropenia
    • Infectious (esp. viral)
    • Drugs, chemicals, or antibodies
      • that selectively target neutrophil precursors
      • idiosyncratic reactions causing immune-mediated destruction of neutrophils or precursors
    • Bone marrow necrosis
    • Neoplasia
      • Hemopoietic
      • Metastatic
    • Fibroplaisa
    • Idiopathic
    • Aquired maturation disorder
      • myelodysplasia of the neutrophil lineage
      • disorder of release from the marros
      • early recovery from damage to the neutrophil lineage
  2. Primary disorders of granulopoiesis or hemopoiesis
    1. rare, genetic
    2. Cyclic hemopoiesis of Grey Collies (affects the granulocytic, erythroid, and megakaryocyte precursor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diseases of Neutrophil Dysfunction

A
  1. Hereditary
    • Adhesion deficiency
      • Dogs CLAD
      • Cattle BLAD
    • Chediak-Higashi
      • abnormal lysosomal granule formation, impaired neutrophil function
      • Persian cats, some Cattle
    • Pelger-Huet anomaly
      • Hyposegmentation of granulocytes
      • Funcion is not affected
      • Can be misinterpreted as a severe left shift
  2. Aquired
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Normal neutrophil migration

A
  1. Circulating pool
  2. Marginated pool
  3. Rolling (integrins)
  4. Adhesion
  5. Migration
    • Extravasation
    • Chemotaxis
  6. Phagocytosis
  7. Killing/degradation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cytokines necessary for Eosinophil development and maturation

A
  • GM-CSF
  • IL-3
  • IL-5 (from T-helper lymphs?)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Contents of eosinophil granules

A
  1. eosinophil peroxidase
  2. eosinophil cationic protein
  3. eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
  4. major basic protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Functions of eosinophils

A
  1. anthelminthic activity
  2. suppression of immeidate hypersensitivity reactions
  3. promotino of allergic inflammation
  4. tumor cell killing
  5. immune reactions involving T lymphs
  6. phagocytosis of some microbes, protein, and cellular materials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Whose eosinophils are these???

A

a. dog
b. cat
c. horse
d. cow

17
Q

DDX for eosinophilia

A
  1. parasitic
  2. hypersensitivity
  3. inflammatory
  4. eosinophilic leukemia
  5. lymphoid neoplasia
  6. mast cell disorders/neoplasia
  7. hypoadrenocorticism
18
Q

What is the mechanism behind glucocorticoid-induced eosinopenia

A

Who knows. Probably related to suppression of eosinophil survival factors (GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-5) and activation of eosinophil apoptosis.

19
Q

Cytokines for basophil differentiation

A
  1. GM-CSF
  2. IL-4
  3. IL-3
  4. SCF (stem cell factor)
20
Q

Appearance of basophil granules by species

A

Canine: scant, dark blue-purple

Feline: numerous, pale orange-lavender

Bovine: numerous, blue-black

Equine: irregular in size and number, dark blue-black

21
Q

Whose basophils are these???

A

a. canine
b. feline
c. equine
d. feline

22
Q

Differentiating a basophil from a neutrophil (dogs and cats)

A

Basophil is slightly larger, has purplish staining of cytoplasm.

Nucleus of the basophil will appear stretched, paler, and less lobulated in comparison to neutrophil nucleus.

23
Q

Contents of basophil granules

A
  • histamine
  • heparin
  • major basic protein
  • other (enzymes, proteins)
24
Q

DDX persistent basophilia

A
  • parasitic
  • hypersensitivity
  • glucocorticoid deficiency
  • inflammatory
  • basophilic leukemia
  • paraneoplastic (esp. to hemopoietic neoplasias)
25
Q

Cytokines for Monocyte development and function

A
  1. IL-3
  2. GM-CSF
  3. M-CSF
26
Q

Appearance of Monocytes

A
  • Larger than other leukocytes
  • Nuclei are leiomorphic, usually lobulated
  • Grey-blue cytoplasm
  • May contain fine pink granules and vacuoles
27
Q

DDX for Monocytosis

A
  • endogenous or exogenous corticosteroids
  • inflammatory disease
  • recovery from neutropenia
  • immune mediated disease
  • neoplasia
  • Reactive monocytosis
    • tissue necrosis 2/2 hypoxia
    • neoplasia with necrotic center
28
Q

Neutrophilia DDx

A
  • epinephrine
  • corticosteroid *
  • inflammation/ infection *
  • necrosis *
  • Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
  • neoplasia *

* = may also have increased bands

Hematology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions