Grant Et Al Flashcards
What is context-dependent memory?
Improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context at encoding and recalling is the same
Context acts as memory cues that help trigger learned information (Tulving)
What research method was used in Grant’s (1998) study?
Laboratory experiment using an independent measures design
What were the independent variables in the study?
- Silent or noisy reading conditions
- Matching or mismatching recall conditions
What was the dependent variable in Grant’s study?
Participant’s performance on recall tests
What types of recall tests were administered?
- Short-answer recall test
- Multiple-choice recall test
What sampling method was used to select participants?
Snowball sampling
What was the demographic of the participants in Grant’s study?
39 participants from America, ages 17 to 56, mixed gender
What were the four conditions participants were tested under?
- Learn in silence, recall in silence - matching
- Learn in silence, recall in noise - non-matching
- Learn in noise, recall in noise - matching
- Learn in noise, recall in silence - non-matching
What did participants listen to in the noisy conditions?
Background noise of a cafeteria with distinct words/phrases and movement sounds
What article did participants read during the study?
A two-page, three-columned article on psychoimmunology
What were participants allowed to do while reading the article?
Highlight or underline text
How long was the entire procedure of the experiment?
About 30 minutes
What was the purpose of administering the short-answer test first?
To ensure recall of information from the article, not from the multiple-choice test
What was the overall duration of the procedure in the study?
About 30 minutes
What was the significant finding related to matching and mismatching conditions?
No significant difference in performance on recall and recognition tests
What effect does context-dependent memory have according to Godden and Baddeley?
People use context-dependent memory more in recall tests
In which environment did participants perform better on both tests?
Matching environments
What was the mean average score for the multiple choice test in matching silent study and silent test?
14.3
What was the mean average score for the short answer test in mismatching noisy study and silent test?
4.6
True or False: There was an overall effect of noise on performance.
False
What do context-dependency effects suggest about newly learned meaningful material?
They exist regardless of the type of test used to assess learning
What conclusion can be drawn about studying and testing environments?
Studying and testing in the same environment leads to enhanced performance
Fill in the blank: Students are likely to perform better in exams if they study for them with a minimum of _______.
background noise
What was a strength of Grant’s study related to data collection?
Collection of quantitative scores allowed for analysis and comparison
What aspect of Grant’s study contributed to high reliability?
Standardized procedure
What practical application does the study suggest for students?
Silent revision to enhance memory recall
What increased the ecological validity of the study?
Material similar to course material and treating it as a class assignment
What ethical consideration was taken in Grant’s study?
Informed consent was given
How did the study limit stress for participants?
Participants had sufficient time to read the material
What is a weakness related to qualitative data in the study?
No qualitative data which reduces validity
The interpretations of behaviour are subjective and not necessarily what the participants were actually thinking.
How does the amount of time participants had to read the article affect the study?
Issues with reliability due to varying reading times
Not everyone had the same amount of time to read the article.
What was a potential limitation in the sample selection of the study?
Lacked generalisability due to similar characteristics of the group
The sample started off with 8 psychology students and used a snowball sampling method.
What was the time limit given to students to study the material?
30 minutes
This time constraint may not reflect actual studying habits of students who study for longer periods.
Fill in the blank: The interpretations of behaviour in the study are _______.
[subjective]
