Grammer Flashcards
1
Q
Def sentence
A
Contains at least a subject (can be unstated), verb, and complete thought
2
Q
Def simple sentence
A
Sentence with only one complete thought
3
Q
Def subject
A
Main noun
4
Q
Def verb
A
Words that show action or state
5
Q
Def pronoun
A
General term describing another noun
6
Q
Def gerund
A
A verb ending in “ING” turning it into a noun because it’s a state
7
Q
Def compound subjects
A
More than one main noun
8
Q
Def simple subject
A
A main noun or pronoun
9
Q
Def complex subject
A
The main noun or pronoun with an description words and articles included
10
Q
What kind of a sentence usually has an unstated subject
A
A command
11
Q
Where is the noun in “here/there” sentences
A
After the verb
12
Q
Def preposition
A
Words that link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words. Usually referencing location in time/space, but manners as well
13
Q
Def a phrase
A
A phrase is not a sentence because it is missing a subject (not even unstated), verb, or complete thought.
14
Q
Def preposition phrase
A
Preposition and object
15
Q
What is the most common linking verb
A
Be
16
Q
What is a linking verb
A
Links a subject to descriptive words (state). Often seen as an equivalent aspect (equal sign) when not describing a sense (ex hearing)
17
Q
Def compound verb
A
More than one verb
18
Q
What is an infinitive
A
A verb that is preceded by a “to”
19
Q
Types of verbs
A
Action, helping (auxillary), linking
20
Q
What is a tense
A
States if the phrase or Clause is past, present, or future
21
Q
Def main verb
A
A verb relating to the subject (not an object)
22
Q
Def helping verb
A
Combines with the main verb indicating tense, negative structure, or question structure
23
Q
Def modal auxillary
A
Type of helping verb indicating ability, obligation, possibility, and advice. (Not frequency)
24
Q
Most common helping verbs
A
Be, have, do
25
Def simple sentence
Sentence has one independent clause
26
Def compound sentence
A sentence having more than one independent clauses.
27
Def coordinating conjunction
Words linking two independent clauses
28
When do you add a comma when using a "coordinating like conjunction"
If both sides are independent clauses
29
When would you use a semicolon
When having two independent clauses that are related to each other, but don't have a coordinating conjunction
30
Def transitional expression
Combining two independent clauses, using a phrase between a semicolon and comma (usually a conductive adverb)
31
Def subordinator conjunction
Links a dependant clause
32
Def clause
Group of words containing both a noun and verb (doesn't need a complete thought)
33
Def dependent clause
A clause that doesn't have a complete thought without another clause
34
Def independent clause
A clause that has a complete thought
35
Def complex sentence
A sentence with both a independent and a dependent clause
36
Def compound-complex sentence
A sentence with both at least 2 independent clauses with at least one dependent clause
37
When do you add a comma between a dependant and independent clause
When the subordinating conjunction starts the first clause because that clause is dependant
38
What are the different functions of subordinating conjunctions
Cause/reason, condition/result, contrast, place, time
39
When is whom used
When used as a pronoun for an object and not a subject
40
Def relative pronoun
Pronouns that describe a noun or pronoun. Usually used in a dependant clause.
41
Def embedded question
When you combine a question into a larger sentence. Sentence doesn't always end with a question mark.
42
Def prefix
Beginning section of a word
43
Def suffix
Ending section of a word
44
ie or ei in a word
i be e except after c, unless pronounced "A"
45
What aspects do you think about when your writing anything
What's the topic, who is the audience, what is the purpose, what structure to use
46
What are the general purposes in writing something
To entertain, persuade, and inform
47
What does specific purpose mean when writing
It is the specific reason in relation to the general purpose
48
Def freewriting
Writing whatever pops into your head without stopping for an reason
49
Def brainstorming
Writing lists of ideas as they come into your mind
50
Def questioning in the writing process
Answering the who, what, when, where, why, and how
51
Def clustering in the writing process
Creating a map of ideas
52
What are the steps in the developing of the writing process
Narrow the subject
Express the main idea
Develop your supporting ideas
Make a plan
Write a first draft
53
Def paragraph
A series of related sentences that develop one central idea
54
Def topic sentence
States the topic and introduces the idea the writer will develop
55
Def controlling idea of the topic sentence
Aspect expressing the opinion, attitude, or feeling of the writer as it relates to the narrowed topic
56
Def body sentences
Sentences that support the topic sentence
57
Def concluding sentence
Sentence that ends the paragraph
58
Def unity in a paragraph
All supporting sentences relate to the topic sentence
59
Three common organizational methods in writing
Time order (chronological order)
Emphatic order
Space order
60
What is the plan or outline of a paragraph
The paragraph organized into the topic sentence, supporting idea, and supporting details
61
What not to do with a concluding sentence
Ask a question, contradict your main points, introduce irrelevant material
62
Def revise
Modify to make it stronger and more convincing
63
Def edit
Correcting errors in grammar, spelling, punctuation, and mechanics
64
Steps to revision/editing
Revising for unity
Revise for adequate support
Revise for coherence
Revise for style
Edit
65
Define coherance
Ideas flow smoothly and logically
66
Def style
Varied and interesting
67
Def circular reasoning
Keep rephrasing the same points without giving supporting details
68
Def infer
Figure out using the information available
69
Def annotations
Comments, questions, or reactions wrote in the margins of the page
70
Def synonym
Another word meaning the same thing
71
Def antonym
A word that is the opposite to the other word
72
Def word division
Words divided into their roots
73
Def parts of speech
Showing what type of grammer function a word has
74
Def research
Look for information to better understand a subject
75
Def paraphrase
Use your own words to present someone's idea. Usually around the same length
76
Def summarize
Give a brief statement based on another written work. Who, what, when, where, why, how.
77
Def quote
A direct or exact copy of someone's words
78
Where do you cite your source
Behind the section in reference in your writing, and at the end in works cited
79
Another name for in-text citations
Parenthetical citations
80
Def appositive
Word or phrase that gives further meaning to a noun or pronoun
81
Def conditional sentences
Sentences containing a condition and a result
82
What are the possible conditional sentences
True or likely
Unlikley
Can't happen
83
What does MLA stand for
Modern learning association
84
How do you quote an already quoted source
qtd. in-
85
What does et al mean
And others
86
In MLA what's the difference between the main author and co-authors
Main author - last name, first name
Co-author - first name, last name
87
Order of works cited in MLA
Author
Title of short/ long work
Edition
City of publications
Publishers name
Date of publication
Medium of publications
Page number
Date of access (website)
88
How do you cite a website in using MLA
Using the main website page, unless specifically told to reference entire website
89
What do you cite in MLA if no publisher or sponsor is found
n.p.
90
What do you cite in MLA if no publication date is found
n.d.
91
In MLA, what do you do if no author is indicated for works cited
Skip to next section
92
What order do you cite in MLA in works cited
Alphabetical
93
If the citation in works cited is longer than the line on the page, what do you do?
Continue on next line with an indentation
94
def classify
sorting into categories
95
def classification chart
a chart with the main topic and then the categories related to it
96
what is a classification principle
setting the classification parameters of the topic
97
what is non-standard English
used in everyday conversation such as contractions
98
def simple present tense
general fact or habitual activity (no beginning or end)
99
what are the 3 forms of "be" in simple present tense
is, am, are
100
def present progressive tense
in progress at the moment
101
def simple past tense
happened in the past
102
def regular past tense
?
103
def past progressive tense
was in progress in the past
104
what are the 2 forms of "be" in past tense
was, were
105
What helping verbs must be added to negatives or questions in the past/present. What is the exception?
do, does, did
if the main verb is a "be"
106
what form of verb is following an infinitive
the base form
107
How do you fix a double negative
remove a negative if meant to be a negative, or remove both if meant to be postiive
108
What is the purpose of an apostrophe
to show ownership or contraction
109
what is a contraction
joining two words into one while including an apostrophe
110
Where do you put the apostrophe when showing ownership
before the s when singular, after the s when plural
111
What do you do if there are multiple things that have ownership of the same thing in a sentence
only use the possessive form on the last thing
112
Rules of quotation marks
the first word is capitalized, unless its not complete
if a comma is at the beginning, than its outside
if a punctuation is at the ending, than its inside
If the quotation is inside a quotation, use single quotation
113
How do you put a title in a sentence
if a short work than in quotations
if a long work than in italics
114
what is considered short work
short story, any article, chapter, paragraph/essay, episode, song, poem
115
what is considered long work
Novel, website, book, textbook, tv series, album, movie
116
What is lower case in a title
any article, coordinators, or prepositions that aren't beginning or ending the title
117
When do we capatilize a noun
When it refers to a specific thing/event
Earth/planet, Monday/day, June/month, Manitoba/state, English/language
exception- fall/season
118
When do you use colons
When introducing a quote without declaring it (declared- he said, "stop.")
showing a list
showing a explanation or example
when expressing time in hours and minutes
119
When do you use a hyphen
stating a number written as 2 or more words
when 2 or more adjectives are used, and don't make sense when removing an adjective from the sentence
120
When do you use ellipsis marks
When omitting a section of a quote but still having a complete sentence
121
def illustrative essay
essay that gives examples to clarify the main point
122
def narrative essay
essay that tells a story as if narrated, often explaining who, what, when , where, why, how.
123
What are the two main types of narrative essay
first-person and third-person narration
124
what is a indirect quotation
quoting the message but in your own words, doesn't use quotation marks.
125
Def thesis statement
The sentence in the opening paragraph, that describes what the essay is about.
kind of like the topic sentence of the essay and not the paragraph
126
def descriptive essays
essays that describe sensation like sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell
127
def dominating impression
the overall feeling that is wanting to be conveyed
128
def simile
comparison using like or as
129
def metaphor
comparison not using like or as
130
def personification
attributing human qualities to inanimate objects or animals
131
def process essay
essay shown in chronological steps
132
def definition essay
essay describing your personal definition to a term or concept
133
def classification essay
essay that sorts the main subject into categories
134
def compassion and contrast essay
essay showing similarities and contrasts about something
135
what are the two ways to develop your paragraphs in a compassion and contrast essay
point-by-point
topic-by-topic
136
def cause and effect essay
essay that describes the consequences to an event occurring
137
def argument essay
essay that attempts to defend one view in order to persuade the reader
138
What are some supporting ideas to be used in argument essay
anecdotes, facts/statistics, opinions, consequences, counters to the oppositions arguments
139
How to identify perfect tense
Has "has/have" in the sentence
140
Explain the subject-verb agreement
The verb agrees on the singularity/plurality of the noun
141
When don't you add an apostrophe to show something is posessed
If it's a pronoun
142
Def antecedent
The noun that is pronoun referring too
143
144
Def determiners
Words that identify the noun is specific or general
145
Types of determiners
Articles, demonstrative, indefinite pronouns, numbers, possessive nouns, possessive adjectives
146
Vague determiners with countable nouns
Many, few
147
Vague determiners with non-countable nouns
Much, little
148
determiners referencing a noun near to speaker
This, these
149
determiners referencing a noun far to speaker
That, those
150
How is "to" used as a preposition
Indicates movement in time/space
151
How is "at" used as a preposition
Indicates location in time/space
152
How is "for" used as a preposition
Indicates duration in time
153
Def imagery
Describing something referencing your senses
154
Def cliches
overused expressions
155
Where are adjectives places
Usually before the noun, but sometimes after a linking verb
156
How do adjectives change in relation to the noun being singular or plural
No change, it is always in the singular form
157
Def adjectives
Words that describe a noun or pronoun
158
Def adverb
Adds information to an adjective, verb, or adverb
159
Def frequency adverbs
Words that indicated frequency of an event (not probability)
160
Def comparative
Showing similarities and/or differences of two things
161
Def superlative
Showing difference between 2 or more things at the most furthest degree
162
Def modifier
A word, phrase, or clause that describes air modifies a noun or verb
163
Def dangling modifier
Opening a sentence, but does not connect to the rest of the sentence. Is a sentence mistake
164
def affect
usually a verb meaning to influence or change
165
what is normally discussed in a clause and effect paragraph's topic sentence 's controlling idea
the causes, the effects, or both
166
what are the 3 basic ways to define a term
synonym, category, negation
167
def fragment
a incomplete sentence because its missing a subject, verb, or complete thought
168
def phrase fragment
phase missing a subject or a verb
169
def explanatory fragment
provides a explanation to another sentence but is missing the subject and/or main verb
170
def dependent-clause fragment
a fragment with a subject and main verb but lacks a complete thought
171
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