grammar stuff Flashcards
1
Q
which words are basically 2-1-2 adjectives?
A
alius, alter, ullus, nullus, solus, totus- they have the distinctive gen sing. -ius and dat sing. -i across all three genders as most pronouns do
2
Q
what are the exceptions to the 3rd decision adjectives ablative rule?
A
dives, pauper, vetus
3
Q
which 2-1-2 keeps its -e like puer?
A
miser
4
Q
what happens with negatives in a result clause?
A
it uses ut…non, for a compound negative simply ut numquam and ut nemo are used rather than ne umquam or ne quis
5
Q
which 2-1-2 adjective drops the -e like ager?
A
pulcher
6
Q
how does celer behave as an adjective?
A
as if it had started off as celeris, third declension adjective
7
Q
how does acer behave as an adjective?
A
similarly to celer but drops the -e, third declension adjective
8
Q
what form is portari?
A
present passive infinitive, to be carried
9
Q
what form is portavisse?
A
perfect active infinitive, to have carried
10
Q
what form is portatus esse?
A
perfect passive infinitive, to have been carried
11
Q
what form is portaturus esse?
A
future active, to be about to carry
12
Q
what are three special things to remember with purpose clauses?
A
a ‘disguised’ purpose clause is often introduced by the relative pronoun qui; if the purpose clause includes a comparative, quo is used instead of ut; if the purpose clause includes a compound negative like never/no-one, ‘ne…umquam’ or ‘ne…quis’ is used
13
Q
what is a purpose clause made up of?
A
introductory verb + ut/ne + subjunctive
14
Q
when is the imperfect subjunctive used in a purpose clause?
A
with a historic main verb
15
Q
when is the present subjunctive used in a purpose clause?
A
with a primary main verb
16
Q
how do you normally recognise a result clause?
A
by a signpost word in the main clause
17
Q
what are the signpost words for result clauses?
A
tam, tantus, tot, talis, adeo, ita, totiens
18
Q
tantus, -a, -um
A
so big
19
Q
tot
A
so many
20
Q
talis, -e
A
such, of such a sort
21
Q
adeo
A
so much, to such an extent (with verb)
22
Q
ita
A
so, in such a way (with verb)
23
Q
totiens
A
so often, so many times (with verb)
24
Q
what makes up a result clause?
A
introductory verb + signpost word + ut + subjunctive
25
how do you determine the tense of the subjunctive needed in a result clause?
by sense- they break the laws of sequence
26
when is the present subjunctive used in a result clause?
common- often describing something habitual or recurrent
27
when is the imperfect subjunctive used in a result clause?
used if emphasis is on a recurrent or likely result
28
when is the perfect subjunctive used in a result clause?
if emphasis is on a single outcome actually achieved
29
why is the negative result clause formed the way it is?
non is the negative associated with facts, rather than ne, which is associated with possibilities and therefore found in negative purpose clauses and indirect commands
30
what's an example of result clauses breaking the laws of sequence?
a present subjunctive can follow a historic main verb, if it describes a result currently true
31
what happens with reflexive pronouns in a purpose clause?
the reflexive pronoun se (or the possessive adjective suus) refers back to the subject of the main verb (whose thought the purpose clause represents)
32
what happens with reflexive pronouns in a result clause?
a reflexive in a result clause refers to the subject of that clause itself (which because it describes an event is more like a separate sentence), so that an appropriate part of the non-reflexive is, ea, id has to be used to refer back to the subject of the main verb
33
which tense does the perfect subjunctive have a five-out-of-six overlap with?
future perfect- only difference is first person, erim for perfect subjunctive and ero for future perfect
34
what's the difference between a purpose clause and a result clause?
result clauses focus on outcome, which is an event, purpose clauses focus on intention, which is a thought
35
how is the perfect subjunctive formed?
puts the endings erim, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint onto the perfect stem
36
how is the passive perfect subjunctive formed?
using the perfect passive participle with the auxiliary verb to be which simply change from present indicative to present subjunctive- sim, sis, sit, simus, sitis, sint
37
indirect question
reports a direct question, has a subjunctive verb
38
what happens in both English and Latin with the tense of indirect questions?
the tense stays the same as that of the direct question if the introductory verb is primary, moves back a tense of it is historic
39
extended sequence
indirect questions dealing with present and past illustrate extended sequence, different from simple sequence, where the only options are present or imperfect subjunctive
40
when is the present subjunctive used in indirect questions?
with a primary main verb and for incomplete/ongoing/simultaneous action
41
what is the difference between a negative purpose clause and a negative result clause?
purpose clauses use ne INSTEAD of ut, but result clauses use non AS WELL AS ut
42
when is the imperfect subjunctive used in indirect questions?
with a historic main verb and for incomplete/ongoing/simultaneous action
43
when is the pluperfect subjunctive used in indirect questions?
with a historic main verb for completed action
44
how is simple sequence consistent with extended sequence?
simple sequence (of purpose clauses, indirect commands and fears) is consistent with this, because an INTENDED action counts as 'incomplete'- these constructions don't make special provision for the future
45
what happens with indirect questions asking if something is the case?
any question to which the answer will be yes or no is introduced by num, here meaning whether or if
46
what does an alternative indirect question use?
utrum...an (whether...or)
47
what is special about si?
Latin only uses it in a conditional clause, although if is interchangeable with its whether in an indirect question in English
48
how is 'if anyone/anything' expressed in an indirect question?
quis, quis, quid is used after num
49
when is an indirect question also used?
when the original direct question is only implied
50
how can you tell whether the original direct question wad deliberative (ie subjunctive already)?
only by context
51
what are the two basic types of direct questions?
1) asking IF something is the case, to which the answer will be yes or no 2) asking for specific information
52
how is direct question 1 recognised?
a statement can be made into a question simply by adding a question mark, but more commonly -ne is added to the end of the first word
53
how can direct question 1 be slanted to suggest that the speaker expects or hopes for a particular answer?
putting nonne (surely...?) at the front expecting yes, or putting num (surely...not?) at the front expecting no
54
wishes for the future
expressing the hope that something MAY happen- uses present subjunctive
55
what are the two special idioms associated with result clauses?
after a comparative, the use of quam ut, to describe a hypothetical result; use of quam qui is sometimes called a generic subjunctive, describing the type of person likely to result in their doing a certain action
56
how is direct question 2 recognised?
introduced by an interrogative (question) word, which maybe an adverb, pronoun or adjective
57
what should the use of num (surely...not?) be carefully distinguished from?
its use to mean 'whether' in an indirect question
58
ubi?
where (at)?
59
interrogative words
cur, quam, quomodo, quando, ubi, quo, unde, quis/quid, quantus, quot, qualis, qui/quae/quod
60
cur?
why?
61
quando?
when?
62
quo?
where to?
63
what form is portare?
present active infinitive, to carry
63
tam
so (with adj/adv)
64
unde?
where from?
65
quis, quid?
who? what?
66
quantus, -a, -um?
how big?
67
quot?
how many?
68
qualis, -e?
what sort of?
69
what can quam with an adjective or an adverb also be translated as?
it can introduce an exclamation- how X!
70
qui/quae/quod?
which?
71
deliberative questions
discusses a possible course of action, using one of the same interrogative words as the second type of ordinary direct question- it has a subjunctive verb; provides further illustration of present subjunctive as main verb expressing possibility
72
how is a deliberative question translated in English?
what am I to do? or what should I do?
73
which tense of subjunctive is mainly used with deliberative questions?
present subjunctive- less commonly, the imperfect subjunctive is used to look back on a similar thought process in the past e.g what was she to say?
74
jussive subjunctive
the imperative is 2nd person- for an equivalent expression in first person plural or in third person, the present subjunctive is used; also illustrates basic idea of subjunctive- possibility- very well
75
what's the negative expression with a jussive subjunctive?
ne
76
how is the jussive subjunctive translated?
first person plural (let's do X); third person (may X happen)
77
what constructions is the perfect subjunctive used in?
result clauses, indirect questions
78
what are wishes for the future often introduced by?
the adverb utinam, translated as if only/I wish that
79
how is a negative wish for the future formed?
with ne, following utinam is this is used
80
conditional sentences
consists of a main clause, plus the conditional clause, made up of two elements- putting forward a proposition and the consequence, usually contain si/nisi
81
si
if
82
nisi
if not/unless
83
what are the three main types of conditional sentences?
simple, were to/would, contrary to known fact
84
simple conditional sentences
always separated by a comma, carry no implication about whether this is completed or not, consist of two indicative verbs in any tense
85
were to/would conditional sentences
often used if you don't know if something happened or not, consist of two subjunctive verbs (one in each clause) which can be imperfect or present
86
contrary to known fact conditional sentences
you know it didn't happen, consists of two subjunctive verbs in the pluperfect tense
87
which part of a conditional sentence is the main clause?
the consequence/effect
88
how is a negative consequence portrayed in a conditional sentence?
non, unless it is replaced by a construction to which special rules apply (eg imperative)
89
what may a verb of fearing be followed by?
a direct object, an infinitive, or a clause (fear that something may happen)
90
what is the clause that follows a verb of fearing introduced by?
ne- translated as that
91
which rule of sequence do verbs of fearing follow?
simple sequence- present subjunctive after a primary main verb, imperfect after a historic one
92
what happens if the fear is actually negative?
Latin uses ne...non- sometimes the two cancel out and are replaced by ut
93
when is ut as a negative occur most with verbs of fearing?
after vereor
94
where is the fearing construction often also found?
after nouns such as metus (fear) and periculum (danger), in contexts where fearing is implied
95
what is an implied expression of fear sometimes indistinguishable from?
a negative purpose clause
96
veritus
PAP of deponent vereor, commonly meaning 'fearing' rather than 'having feared', despite the verb also having a PP verens
97
future passive infinitive
to be going to be X-ed- supine + iri
98
haud multum afuit quin
almost/nearly
99
non possum facere quin
I cannot help
100
nemo est quin
everyone
101
nihil praetermitto quin
I take everything opportunity to/I let pass no opportunity of
102
placet
it is pleasing
103
decet
it is appropriate
104
opportet
it is right/ ought
105
licet
it is allowed
106
libet
it is agreeable
107
what verbs are always translated impersonally?
placet, decet, opportet, licet, libet
108
impersonal verbs
third person singular, with 'it' supplied as the subject; often followed by a dative; often followed with an infinitive governed by the impersonal verb- if introductory verb is past, so is infinitive translation
109
which verbs take the dative rather than the accusative?
credo (believe/trust), parco (spare), pareo (obey), persuadeo (persuade)
110
when is the perfect subjunctive used in indirect questions?
with a primary main verb and for completed action
111
cum in temporal clauses in the present tense
indicative verb, tense by sense
112
cum in temporal clauses in the future tense
indicative verb, future perfect used even though it's translated in the present in English (hidden future)
113
when is the imperfect subjunctive used in cum temporal clauses in the past tense?
verb in temporal clause refers to an action which occurs at the same time as the action of the main clause, translated as 'since', there is an element of 'because'
114
when is the pluperfect subjunctive used in cum temporal clauses in the past tense?
verb in temporal clause refers to an action which occurred before the action of the main clause, translated as 'when'
115
when can cum be used with a present subjunctive?
if the meaning is since
116
quae cum ita sint
since these things are so
117
when can cum be used with a past indicative?
if it had s corresponding time word or expression such as tum in the main clause
118
what can cum also mean?
whenever/as often as- in this case it has an indicative verb (future perfect for reference to the future, perfect for the present, pluperfect for the past)
119
inverted cum clause
one where the cum clause is the main event of the sentence, giving the important info of the sentence (and coming second)- the cum clause has an indicative verb, and comes at the end of the sentence rather than the beginning
120
what can cum with the subjunctive also rarely mean?
although
121
time clauses
clauses indicating WHEN something happens normally have an indicative verb, which is usually tense by sense
122
what is the second exception to the simple tense by sense principle with time clauses?
time clauses referring to the future have a 'hidden future' in English- in Latin, assuming the first action is complete before the second one happens, the verb in the time clause is future perfect, translated as a present tense
123
what are the idioms associated with impersonal verbs?
when an intransitive verb, particularly verb of motion, is used as an impersonal passive- in historical narrative it's normally equivalent to a third person plural; this method is also used with verbs which take the dative rather than the accusative
124
what is the first exception to the simple tense by sense principle with time clauses?
when ubi/postquam/simulac refers to the past and introduces a clause describing one action which precedes another, Latin used the perfect indicative rather than the pluperfect
125
in the relatively rare case when the pluperfect is used with ubi/postquam/simulac in a time clause, how is it translated?
the implication is that the action described had occurred repeatedly in the past- English prefers a simple past tense
126
what is the only exception to exception 2 of time clauses?
antequam can be followed by a present indicative (if the main verb isn't negative)
127
what is the third exception to the simple tense by sense principle with time clauses?
when dum (while) refers to a process in the course of which something else occurs, it is followed by the present indicative, regardless of time reference- automatic present historic
128
what happens to the dum clause within an indirect statement that is surprising?
the dum clause keeps the present indicative, where any subordinate clause would normally become subjunctive
129
when do dum clauses not stick to the present indicative?
if the main clause expressed not an interruption to the process described by the dum clause but something that lasted as long as it did, dum observes the usual rule of tense by sense and is normally followed by the same tense as the main verb
130
when does dum follow the normal rules for time clauses (unless it implies purpose, in which case it is followed by a subjunctive verb)?
when dum means until
131
when is the accusative used for expressions of time?
time how long
132
when is the ablative used for expressions of time?
time when; time within which
133
what is the special idiom for expressions like after X number of days/months/years?
instead of post being used as a preposition with the accusative, it is used as an adverb
134
multis post annis
after many years
135
what often happens to antequam and priusquam?
often split into their constituent parts, with the first bit in the main clause- in English this is translated only when quam is reached
136
hidden future
sounds like a present tense
137
time clauses implying purpose
when a time clause has a subjunctive verb (present or imperfect by a simple sequence) there is s suggestion of purpose
138
when are time clauses implying purpose commonly found?
with antequam/priusquam (before) is and dum (HERE until)
139
predicative dative
normally in Latin, if we say X is a Y, both nouns are nominative, the first as a subject and the second as a complement- a more specialised and emphatic idiom, applying particularly to abstract nouns, puts the second item in the dative
140
what is the predicative dative normally accompanied by?
the verb to be, and another dative (of advantage, telling us who received the benefit)
141
argumento
be a proof
142
auxilio
be a help
143
bono
benefit
144
curae
be a matter of concern
145
dolori
be a cause of a grief
146
dono
as a gift
147
exemplo
as an example
148
exitio
bring destruction
149
honori
be an honour
150
laudi
be a credit
151
malo
harm
152
muneri
as a service
153
odio
be an object of hatred (to, + dat)- be hated by
154
oneri
be a burden
155
periculo
be a source of danger
156
praesidio
be a means a protection
157
pudori
be a source of shame
158
saluti
be the salvation of
159
usui
be of use
160
quomodo?
how? in what way?
162
quam?
how? (with adj or adv)
163
what is the infinitive in an impersonal phrase governed by?
the impersonal verb- if introductory verb is past, infinitive is also past
164
what is the most rare type of infinitive?
future passive infinitive
165
what form is PPP as the fourth principle part of a verb?
masculine nominative singular
166
what doesn't an indirect statement use ever?
a clause with UT or QUOD
167
finite verb
one with a person ending
168
why can't the subject of the infinitive in an indirect statement be nominative?
this slot has been used up by the subject of introductory verb, a new nominative can only be introduced if there is a second finite verb
169
how is it normally best to translate an indirect statement?
with a THAT clause, but some verbs and idioms do allow the infinitive to be retained
170
what happens when the subject of the infinitive in an indirect statement is the same as that of the introductory verb?
an accusative reflexive pronoun must be used- most commonly in 3rd person- se (him/her/itself/themselves) according to the subject
171
what will the participle forming part of the perfect passive and future active infinitive in an indirect statement normally be?
accusative, changing its ending according to number/gender according to the subject of infinitive
172
what is the tense of the infinitive in an indirect statement?
the tense of the original- what was said/thought at the time time
173
what happens if the introductory verb in an indirect statement is historic?
English moves back a tense in translating the infinitive
174
what does the future infinitive become in an indirect statement?
'future-in-the-past'- would/was going to
175
which is the only construction that 'tense of the original' applies to?
indirect statement
176
what can the original direct statement lying behind an indirect statement be other than words which were actually spoken?
something simply thought/felt but not expressed
177
which verbs in an indirect statement take special measures?
hope/promise/threaten, take this construction rather than a simple infinitive, so a reflexive pronoun must be put in if the intended action is going to be undertaken by the person who is the subject- to reinforce meaning they are usually followed by a future infinitive
178
what is special about credo in an indirect statement?
it takes an accusative as subject of the infinitive, even though it takes a dative in other contexts
179
what is used in an indirect statement when it's introduced in English by the verb say and is negative?
the verb NEGO (say that...not or deny) is used rather than dico...non
180
how are compound negatives expressed in indirect statements?
rather than 'he said that no one had done this', 'he denied that anyone had done this' is used
181
nego...quemquam
say that no-one...
182
nego...quicquam
say that nothing...
183
nego...ullum
say that no...
184
nego...umquam
say that...never...
185
nego...usquam
say that...nowhere...
186
when can dico be followed by non in an indirect statement?
if just a single word is negatived
187
what happens when the introductory verb of an indirect statement is passive?
the construction is nominative and infinitive
188
present subjunctive
it is often found as the main verb of a sentence as well in subordinate clauses, so it illustrates particularly clearly the basic job of the subjunctive to express a possibility or proposition; often expressed in English by translation 'may'
189
first conjugation active present subjunctive
em, es, et, emus, etis, ent- take 'are' off of the infinitive
190
second conjugation active present subjunctive
am, as, at, amus, atis, ant- keep preceding vowel after you have removed 're' from the infinitive
191
fourth conjugation active present subjunctive
am, as, at, amus, atis, ant- keep preceding vowel after you have removed 're' from the infinitive
192
third conjugation active present subjunctive
am, as, at, amus, atis, ant- remove 'ere' from the infinitive
193
why does the first conjugation active present subjunctive use different endings to all of the other conjugations?
if it used the same as the others, this would give unacceptably confusing 5/6 overlap with the present indicative, so the subjunctive uses 'e' in its endings instead of 'a'
194
what does the third conjugation active present subjunctive have a 1/6 overlap with?
future indicative
195
how do you form the passive present subjunctive?
the present subjunctive forms are made passive by the usual formula - take the active endings and replace them with the passive ones
196
what is the third person wish for the future often indistinguishable from?
the jussive subjunctive
197
what does the negative form of a deliberative question use?
non
198
other than translating impersonal verbs literally, what else is acceptable?
to turn it round, and make the person in the dative the subject of the ordinary verb
199
what happens if there is no dative expressed in an impersonal phrase?
it is best represented by an impersonal translation which is passive in English- even if the dative is put in, this translation may still be best in some contexts (with the dative word translated as agent)
200
what is an alternative used instead of opportet?
necesse est
201
which case does opportet take?
the accusative
202
which ordinary verb could easily be used in place of necesse est or opportet?
debeo
203
what happens if either opportet or debeo refer to the past?
Latin uses the imperfect; translated as 'I ought to have done' rather than the intended 'I oughted'
204
what can necesse est take other than the infinitive taken by all of the other impersonal verbs?
a clause with ut and the subjunctive (present or imperfect by simple sequence)- this construction is the norm after the impersonal use of accido, in the form accidit ut (it happens that)
205
what is a related idiom with impersonal verbs?
when an intransitive verb, particularly a verb of motion, is used as an impersonal passive
206
what is an example of the impersonal passive?
perventum est- lit means 'it was arrived/an act of arriving was done'- in historical narrative, often equivalent to third person plural (i.e. a plural agent is assumed), hence simply 'they arrived' (the context making it clear who is being talked about)
207
what impersonal passive translation works well for pugnatum est?
fighting took place (lit it was fought)
208
what does the impersonal passive share characteristics with?
the use of a 'historical infinitive' (replacing a past indicative, to give a sense of speed/urgency), where likewise a more generalised form of the verb replaces one with a conventional person ending agreeing with the subject
209
what does the impersonal passive often appear as?
'present historic'
210
what is the impersonal passive also used with?
verbs which (although they may sound transitive in English) take the dative rather than the accusative; this is because the dative can't be simply turned round (as the accusative can) to become the subject of a passive verb- in these cases, the dative is retained, and an agent with a/ab and the ablative can also be expressed
211
what are further examples of verbs used impersonally?
the idiom 'futurum esse ut' as a periphrasis for the future passive infinitive; the neuter gerundive of obligation
212
what happens with a passive indirect statement which is impersonal in English?
Latin prefers to use a personal subject in the nominative
213
indirect commands
reports a direct command
214
what is special about the verbs iubeo and veto in an indirect command?
they are followed by an infinitive, as in English
215
what happens with all verbs apart from iubeo and veto in an indirect command?
take an ut clause, which is exactly like a purpose clause and likewise follows the rule of simple sequence- the range of verbs is quite wide, because a 'command' in the grammatical sense includes milder ideas such as a polite request
216
what do negative indirect commands use?
ne
217
how would you form a sentence like 'we were ordered to do X'?
passive of iubeo used- impero takes a dative, and so cannot simply be made passive
218
why are the constructions for purpose clauses and indirect commands the same?
the thought behind them is at root the same
219
direct commands
normally expressed by an imperative
220
how is a negative direct command formed?
noli (singular) or nolite (plural) plus the infinitive of the verb expressing the command; nec used with the imperative if a negative command is added after a positive one
221
how do you form the singular imperative?
remove 're' from the infinitive
222
how do you form the plural imperative?
change 'r' to a 't'- in 3rd conjugation, 'ere' becomes 'ite'
223
fac
do/make
224
fer
bring/carry
225
i (sing.) or ite (plural)
go
226
duc
lead
227
dic
speak/talk
228
es (sing.) or este (plural)
be
229
how are the plurals of the irregular commands formed?
with 'ite' like 3rd conjugation verbs (apart from fer, which is formed like all the other conjugations)
230
what does the singular imperative from deponent/actual passive verbs look like?
like the active infinitive of the appropriate conjugation
231
what does the plural imperative from deponent/actual passive verbs look like?
adds -mini
232
how are perfect passive verbs formed?
past participle + a form of esse
233
how do you translate a perfect passive?
she WAS/HAS BEEN loved
234
how do you translate a pluperfect passive?
she HAD BEEN loved
235
how do you translate a future perfect passive?
she WILL HAVE BEEN loved
236
form of esse used with perfect passive
sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt
237
form of esse used with pluperfect passive
eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant
238
form of esse used with future perfect passive
ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt
239
when is 'a' used for an ablative?
if something is being done by someone/animal, omitted if the something is being done by a thing
240
when are the forms ab/ex actually used?
if the next word begins with a vowel/h
241
the gerund
a noun made from a verb, literally meaning 'the act of doing X', 2nd declension neuter noun, no plural, not used in the nominative and not in the accusative with a direct object, always active
242
what is the difference between the gerund and a present active participle?
a present active participle is an adjective meaning 'while doing X'
243
how is the gerund formed?
from the verb stem, the characteristic vowel(s) for the conjugation and the ending -ndum
244
how do deponent verbs form gerunds?
in the same way as all other verbs
245
what is used in place of the gerund when a verbal noun is needed in the nominative or in the accusative as a direct object?
the infinitive (also treated as a noun, but indeclinable) is used instead- the literal translation of this also works sometimes
246
when is the gerund used in the accusative?
after a preposition
247
what does ad + gerund express?
purpose- common and can replace a purpose clause
248
a genitive of definition
may be translated as 'for, in, at, to'- according to context
249
what are the common nouns and adjectives used with the genitive of the gerund?
ars, occasio, signum, spes, tempus, cupidus, peritus- all followed by a genitive of definition
250
what happens with causa and the gerund?
it is in origin the ablative of the noun causa but in practise used like a preposition FOLLOWING the genitive
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dative of the gerund
relatively uncommon, but follows words which take the dative
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ablative of the gerund
almost always translated with 'by'
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is the gerund qualified by an adjective or an adverb?
an adverb- the gerund is part of a verb
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what is the gerund of eo (go)?
eundum- often used in compound forms
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the gerundive
an adjective formed from a verb (like a participle but not counted as one), applies to transitive verbs, literally meaning 'needing to be X'ed', passive (even deponents), has the idea of obligation, no tense and it refers to a hypothetical future
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how is the gerundive formed?
from the verb stem, the characteristic vowel(s) for the conjugation and distinctive -nd- endings, but those of a 2-1-2 adjective depending on the object
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what is the most common use of the gerundive?
an adjective describing a noun, with the verb to be
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what happens when an agent is put in with a gerundive?
the agent goes into the dative without a preposition (instead of a/ab and the ablative, normally used with passive verbs)- turning round the sentence into the active is often natural (and is only possible) when the agent is put in
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agent
the person by whom the action must be done
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what is the Latin idiom with the use of the gerundive with verbs of entrusting and undertaking?
the gerundive is translated like an active infinitive or a noun
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transitive verb
a verb that takes one or more objects and from which a passive can be formed
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when is a gerundive used instead of a gerund?
when there is also a direct object involved
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what are the two Latin idioms where the gerund and gerundive appear to merge?
impersonal neuter gerundive of obligation; 'gerundival attraction'
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impersonal neuter gerundive of obligation
this is a gerundive which looks like a gerund- a verb of motion or other intransitive verb can't be made passive in the usual way but can have an impersonal passive- this idiom combines the passive and the expression of necessity of both the gerund and the gerundive- in English it is usually better to translate with an active verb, making the dative agent the subject
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what happens with the intransitive verbs which take the dative and also follow the impersonal neuter gerundive of obligation idiom?
the agent is expressed by a/ab end the ablative (as with ordinary passives) to avoid ambiguity, but the sentence can still be turned round into the active in English
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gerundival attraction
a gerund is turned into a gerundive- in English the idea of obligation disappears completely and the phrase still means what it did in its unconverted form- happens when there is a direct object involved
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attraction
the process by which a word is dragged into a change of identity by some more powerful influence
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what is the rule of gerundival attraction?
if a gerund has a direct object, that noun changes into the case of the gerund, and the gerund then changed into a gerundive agreeing with it
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when is gerundival attraction avoided?
if it would result in an unpleasing jingle of the 1st/2nd declension genitive plurals
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how do you find the 'unconverted' form of a phrase that has undergone gerundival attraction?
translate the gerundive lie a gerund, and the noun as its object
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how is the passive future perfect formed?
PPP + ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt
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which constructions use a present subjunctive for possible future action?
purpose clauses, indirect commands, verbs of fearing, conditional clauses
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why do certain constructions use the present subjunctive for possible future action?
it counts as incomplete by the sequence as it hasn't even started
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in which constructions is a future subjunctive often required?
indirect questions, result clauses- Latin uses a periphrastic tense, made up of the future active participle + present subjunctive of sum (sim, sis, sit, simus, sitis, sint)- the participle changed number and gender to fit subject but will always be NOMINATIVE
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periphrastic tense
one expressed in a roundabout way
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which sequence does the periphrastic tense fall into?
primary
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what is a historic equivalent of the periphrastic future?
there is a future-in-the-past version, which uses the imperfect subjunctive of sum as the auxiliary verb with the future active participle- essem, esses, esset, essemus, essetis, essent
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which tenses are unexpectedly not periphrastic?
the normal perfect and pluperfect passive tenses, indicative and subjunctive, although also made from a participle and auxiliary verb, don't count as periphrastic- but the indicative future-in-the-past does
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locative
a special form (for proper names and a few nouns), meaning at/in
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what does the locative look like?
for the names of towns and cities, the locative is normally the same as the genitive if the word is grammatically singular, and the same as the ablative if it is plural
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what do you need to be careful with when translating UBI and POSTQUAM?
they are followed by a perfect tense where the equivalent English (and the corresponding cum clause) would have a pluperfect
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hidden future
English uses a present tense where Latin uses a future, or more often future perfect (if the first action precedes the second)
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when are DUM and PRIUSQUAM used with the subjunctive?
when there is a suggestion of purpose
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concussive clause
although- usually expressed by quamquam with an indicative verb, or less commonly by quamvis with a subjunctive
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when is non used?
negatives a fact and in most circumstances goes with the indicative; going with the subjunctive in negative versions of result clauses (where it's used as well as ut), cum clauses, deliberative questions, apodosis of closed/remote conditional sentences
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where is ne used?
negatives a possibility and goes with the subjunctive; used instead of ut in negative purpose clauses and in negative indirect commands
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positioning of non in a sentence
usually comes just before the verb; if it comes elsewhere, it negatives just the word following it
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ne after a verb of fearing
translated as 'that' and is not really negative
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how are negative direct commands expressed?
normally by noli (the imperative of nolo, pl nolite) with the infinitive of the verb expressing the forbidden action
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protasis
the clause expressing the condition in a conditional sentence
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apodosis
the clause expressing the consequence in a conditional clause
