Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Latin 1 > grammar stuff > Flashcards

grammar stuff Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Latin flashcards
1
Q

which words are basically 2-1-2 adjectives?

A

alius, alter, ullus, nullus, solus, totus- they have the distinctive gen sing. -ius and dat sing. -i across all three genders as most pronouns do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the exceptions to the 3rd decision adjectives ablative rule?

A

dives, pauper, vetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which 2-1-2 keeps its -e like puer?

A

miser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happens with negatives in a result clause?

A

it uses ut…non, for a compound negative simply ut numquam and ut nemo are used rather than ne umquam or ne quis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which 2-1-2 adjective drops the -e like ager?

A

pulcher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does celer behave as an adjective?

A

as if it had started off as celeris, third declension adjective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does acer behave as an adjective?

A

similarly to celer but drops the -e, third declension adjective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what form is portari?

A

present passive infinitive, to be carried

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what form is portavisse?

A

perfect active infinitive, to have carried

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what form is portatus esse?

A

perfect passive infinitive, to have been carried

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what form is portaturus esse?

A

future active, to be about to carry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are three special things to remember with purpose clauses?

A

a ‘disguised’ purpose clause is often introduced by the relative pronoun qui; if the purpose clause includes a comparative, quo is used instead of ut; if the purpose clause includes a compound negative like never/no-one, ‘ne…umquam’ or ‘ne…quis’ is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a purpose clause made up of?

A

introductory verb + ut/ne + subjunctive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when is the imperfect subjunctive used in a purpose clause?

A

with a historic main verb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when is the present subjunctive used in a purpose clause?

A

with a primary main verb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do you normally recognise a result clause?

A

by a signpost word in the main clause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the signpost words for result clauses?

A

tam, tantus, tot, talis, adeo, ita, totiens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

tantus, -a, -um

A

so big

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

tot

A

so many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

talis, -e

A

such, of such a sort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

adeo

A

so much, to such an extent (with verb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ita

A

so, in such a way (with verb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

totiens

A

so often, so many times (with verb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what makes up a result clause?

A

introductory verb + signpost word + ut + subjunctive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how do you determine the tense of the subjunctive needed in a result clause?

A

by sense- they break the laws of sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

when is the present subjunctive used in a result clause?

A

common- often describing something habitual or recurrent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

when is the imperfect subjunctive used in a result clause?

A

used if emphasis is on a recurrent or likely result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

when is the perfect subjunctive used in a result clause?

A

if emphasis is on a single outcome actually achieved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why is the negative result clause formed the way it is?

A

non is the negative associated with facts, rather than ne, which is associated with possibilities and therefore found in negative purpose clauses and indirect commands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what’s an example of result clauses breaking the laws of sequence?

A

a present subjunctive can follow a historic main verb, if it describes a result currently true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what happens with reflexive pronouns in a purpose clause?

A

the reflexive pronoun se (or the possessive adjective suus) refers back to the subject of the main verb (whose thought the purpose clause represents)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what happens with reflexive pronouns in a result clause?

A

a reflexive in a result clause refers to the subject of that clause itself (which because it describes an event is more like a separate sentence), so that an appropriate part of the non-reflexive is, ea, id has to be used to refer back to the subject of the main verb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

which tense does the perfect subjunctive have a five-out-of-six overlap with?

A

future perfect- only difference is first person, erim for perfect subjunctive and ero for future perfect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what’s the difference between a purpose clause and a result clause?

A

result clauses focus on outcome, which is an event, purpose clauses focus on intention, which is a thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how is the perfect subjunctive formed?

A

puts the endings erim, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint onto the perfect stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how is the passive perfect subjunctive formed?

A

using the perfect passive participle with the auxiliary verb to be which simply change from present indicative to present subjunctive- sim, sis, sit, simus, sitis, sint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

indirect question

A

reports a direct question, has a subjunctive verb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what happens in both English and Latin with the tense of indirect questions?

A

the tense stays the same as that of the direct question if the introductory verb is primary, moves back a tense of it is historic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

extended sequence

A

indirect questions dealing with present and past illustrate extended sequence, different from simple sequence, where the only options are present or imperfect subjunctive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

when is the present subjunctive used in indirect questions?

A

with a primary main verb and for incomplete/ongoing/simultaneous action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the difference between a negative purpose clause and a negative result clause?

A

purpose clauses use ne INSTEAD of ut, but result clauses use non AS WELL AS ut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

when is the imperfect subjunctive used in indirect questions?

A

with a historic main verb and for incomplete/ongoing/simultaneous action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

when is the pluperfect subjunctive used in indirect questions?

A

with a historic main verb for completed action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how is simple sequence consistent with extended sequence?

A

simple sequence (of purpose clauses, indirect commands and fears) is consistent with this, because an INTENDED action counts as ‘incomplete’- these constructions don’t make special provision for the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what happens with indirect questions asking if something is the case?

A

any question to which the answer will be yes or no is introduced by num, here meaning whether or if

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what does an alternative indirect question use?

A

utrum…an (whether…or)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is special about si?

A

Latin only uses it in a conditional clause, although if is interchangeable with its whether in an indirect question in English

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

how is ‘if anyone/anything’ expressed in an indirect question?

A

quis, quis, quid is used after num

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

when is an indirect question also used?

A

when the original direct question is only implied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

how can you tell whether the original direct question wad deliberative (ie subjunctive already)?

A

only by context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what are the two basic types of direct questions?

A

1) asking IF something is the case, to which the answer will be yes or no 2) asking for specific information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

how is direct question 1 recognised?

A

a statement can be made into a question simply by adding a question mark, but more commonly -ne is added to the end of the first word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

how can direct question 1 be slanted to suggest that the speaker expects or hopes for a particular answer?

A

putting nonne (surely…?) at the front expecting yes, or putting num (surely…not?) at the front expecting no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

wishes for the future

A

expressing the hope that something MAY happen- uses present subjunctive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are the two special idioms associated with result clauses?

A

after a comparative, the use of quam ut, to describe a hypothetical result; use of quam qui is sometimes called a generic subjunctive, describing the type of person likely to result in their doing a certain action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

how is direct question 2 recognised?

A

introduced by an interrogative (question) word, which maybe an adverb, pronoun or adjective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what should the use of num (surely…not?) be carefully distinguished from?

A

its use to mean ‘whether’ in an indirect question

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

ubi?

A

where (at)?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

interrogative words

A

cur, quam, quomodo, quando, ubi, quo, unde, quis/quid, quantus, quot, qualis, qui/quae/quod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

cur?

A

why?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

quando?

A

when?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

quo?

A

where to?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what form is portare?

A

present active infinitive, to carry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

tam

A

so (with adj/adv)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

unde?

A

where from?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

quis, quid?

A

who? what?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

quantus, -a, -um?

A

how big?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

quot?

A

how many?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

qualis, -e?

A

what sort of?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what can quam with an adjective or an adverb also be translated as?

A

it can introduce an exclamation- how X!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

qui/quae/quod?

A

which?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

deliberative questions

A

discusses a possible course of action, using one of the same interrogative words as the second type of ordinary direct question- it has a subjunctive verb; provides further illustration of present subjunctive as main verb expressing possibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

how is a deliberative question translated in English?

A

what am I to do? or what should I do?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

which tense of subjunctive is mainly used with deliberative questions?

A

present subjunctive- less commonly, the imperfect subjunctive is used to look back on a similar thought process in the past e.g what was she to say?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

jussive subjunctive

A

the imperative is 2nd person- for an equivalent expression in first person plural or in third person, the present subjunctive is used; also illustrates basic idea of subjunctive- possibility- very well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what’s the negative expression with a jussive subjunctive?

A

ne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

how is the jussive subjunctive translated?

A

first person plural (let’s do X); third person (may X happen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what constructions is the perfect subjunctive used in?

A

result clauses, indirect questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what are wishes for the future often introduced by?

A

the adverb utinam, translated as if only/I wish that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

how is a negative wish for the future formed?

A

with ne, following utinam is this is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

conditional sentences

A

consists of a main clause, plus the conditional clause, made up of two elements- putting forward a proposition and the consequence, usually contain si/nisi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

si

A

if

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

nisi

A

if not/unless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what are the three main types of conditional sentences?

A

simple, were to/would, contrary to known fact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

simple conditional sentences

A

always separated by a comma, carry no implication about whether this is completed or not, consist of two indicative verbs in any tense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

were to/would conditional sentences

A

often used if you don’t know if something happened or not, consist of two subjunctive verbs (one in each clause) which can be imperfect or present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

contrary to known fact conditional sentences

A

you know it didn’t happen, consists of two subjunctive verbs in the pluperfect tense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

which part of a conditional sentence is the main clause?

A

the consequence/effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

how is a negative consequence portrayed in a conditional sentence?

A

non, unless it is replaced by a construction to which special rules apply (eg imperative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what may a verb of fearing be followed by?

A

a direct object, an infinitive, or a clause (fear that something may happen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

what is the clause that follows a verb of fearing introduced by?

A

ne- translated as that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

which rule of sequence do verbs of fearing follow?

A

simple sequence- present subjunctive after a primary main verb, imperfect after a historic one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

what happens if the fear is actually negative?

A

Latin uses ne…non- sometimes the two cancel out and are replaced by ut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

when is ut as a negative occur most with verbs of fearing?

A

after vereor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

where is the fearing construction often also found?

A

after nouns such as metus (fear) and periculum (danger), in contexts where fearing is implied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

what is an implied expression of fear sometimes indistinguishable from?

A

a negative purpose clause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

veritus

A

PAP of deponent vereor, commonly meaning ‘fearing’ rather than ‘having feared’, despite the verb also having a PP verens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

future passive infinitive

A

to be going to be X-ed- supine + iri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

haud multum afuit quin

A

almost/nearly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

non possum facere quin

A

I cannot help

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

nemo est quin

A

everyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

nihil praetermitto quin

A

I take everything opportunity to/I let pass no opportunity of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

placet

A

it is pleasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

decet

A

it is appropriate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

opportet

A

it is right/ ought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

licet

A

it is allowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

libet

A

it is agreeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

what verbs are always translated impersonally?

A

placet, decet, opportet, licet, libet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

impersonal verbs

A

third person singular, with ‘it’ supplied as the subject; often followed by a dative; often followed with an infinitive governed by the impersonal verb- if introductory verb is past, so is infinitive translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

which verbs take the dative rather than the accusative?

A

credo (believe/trust), parco (spare), pareo (obey), persuadeo (persuade)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

when is the perfect subjunctive used in indirect questions?

A

with a primary main verb and for completed action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

cum in temporal clauses in the present tense

A

indicative verb, tense by sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

cum in temporal clauses in the future tense

A

indicative verb, future perfect used even though it’s translated in the present in English (hidden future)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

when is the imperfect subjunctive used in cum temporal clauses in the past tense?

A

verb in temporal clause refers to an action which occurs at the same time as the action of the main clause, translated as ‘since’, there is an element of ‘because’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

when is the pluperfect subjunctive used in cum temporal clauses in the past tense?

A

verb in temporal clause refers to an action which occurred before the action of the main clause, translated as ‘when’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

when can cum be used with a present subjunctive?

A

if the meaning is since

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

quae cum ita sint

A

since these things are so

117
Q

when can cum be used with a past indicative?

A

if it had s corresponding time word or expression such as tum in the main clause

118
Q

what can cum also mean?

A

whenever/as often as- in this case it has an indicative verb (future perfect for reference to the future, perfect for the present, pluperfect for the past)

119
Q

inverted cum clause

A

one where the cum clause is the main event of the sentence, giving the important info of the sentence (and coming second)- the cum clause has an indicative verb, and comes at the end of the sentence rather than the beginning

120
Q

what can cum with the subjunctive also rarely mean?

A

although

121
Q

time clauses

A

clauses indicating WHEN something happens normally have an indicative verb, which is usually tense by sense

122
Q

what is the second exception to the simple tense by sense principle with time clauses?

A

time clauses referring to the future have a ‘hidden future’ in English- in Latin, assuming the first action is complete before the second one happens, the verb in the time clause is future perfect, translated as a present tense

123
Q

what are the idioms associated with impersonal verbs?

A

when an intransitive verb, particularly verb of motion, is used as an impersonal passive- in historical narrative it’s normally equivalent to a third person plural; this method is also used with verbs which take the dative rather than the accusative

124
Q

what is the first exception to the simple tense by sense principle with time clauses?

A

when ubi/postquam/simulac refers to the past and introduces a clause describing one action which precedes another, Latin used the perfect indicative rather than the pluperfect

125
Q

in the relatively rare case when the pluperfect is used with ubi/postquam/simulac in a time clause, how is it translated?

A

the implication is that the action described had occurred repeatedly in the past- English prefers a simple past tense

126
Q

what is the only exception to exception 2 of time clauses?

A

antequam can be followed by a present indicative (if the main verb isn’t negative)

127
Q

what is the third exception to the simple tense by sense principle with time clauses?

A

when dum (while) refers to a process in the course of which something else occurs, it is followed by the present indicative, regardless of time reference- automatic present historic

128
Q

what happens to the dum clause within an indirect statement that is surprising?

A

the dum clause keeps the present indicative, where any subordinate clause would normally become subjunctive

129
Q

when do dum clauses not stick to the present indicative?

A

if the main clause expressed not an interruption to the process described by the dum clause but something that lasted as long as it did, dum observes the usual rule of tense by sense and is normally followed by the same tense as the main verb

130
Q

when does dum follow the normal rules for time clauses (unless it implies purpose, in which case it is followed by a subjunctive verb)?

A

when dum means until

131
Q

when is the accusative used for expressions of time?

A

time how long

132
Q

when is the ablative used for expressions of time?

A

time when; time within which

133
Q

what is the special idiom for expressions like after X number of days/months/years?

A

instead of post being used as a preposition with the accusative, it is used as an adverb

134
Q

multis post annis

A

after many years

135
Q

what often happens to antequam and priusquam?

A

often split into their constituent parts, with the first bit in the main clause- in English this is translated only when quam is reached

136
Q

hidden future

A

sounds like a present tense

137
Q

time clauses implying purpose

A

when a time clause has a subjunctive verb (present or imperfect by a simple sequence) there is s suggestion of purpose

138
Q

when are time clauses implying purpose commonly found?

A

with antequam/priusquam (before) is and dum (HERE until)

139
Q

predicative dative

A

normally in Latin, if we say X is a Y, both nouns are nominative, the first as a subject and the second as a complement- a more specialised and emphatic idiom, applying particularly to abstract nouns, puts the second item in the dative

140
Q

what is the predicative dative normally accompanied by?

A

the verb to be, and another dative (of advantage, telling us who received the benefit)

141
Q

argumento

A

be a proof

142
Q

auxilio

A

be a help

143
Q

bono

A

benefit

144
Q

curae

A

be a matter of concern

145
Q

dolori

A

be a cause of a grief

146
Q

dono

A

as a gift

147
Q

exemplo

A

as an example

148
Q

exitio

A

bring destruction

149
Q

honori

A

be an honour

150
Q

laudi

A

be a credit

151
Q

malo

A

harm

152
Q

muneri

A

as a service

153
Q

odio

A

be an object of hatred (to, + dat)- be hated by

154
Q

oneri

A

be a burden

155
Q

periculo

A

be a source of danger

156
Q

praesidio

A

be a means a protection

157
Q

pudori

A

be a source of shame

158
Q

saluti

A

be the salvation of

159
Q

usui

A

be of use

160
Q

quomodo?

A

how? in what way?

162
Q

quam?

A

how? (with adj or adv)

163
Q

what is the infinitive in an impersonal phrase governed by?

A

the impersonal verb- if introductory verb is past, infinitive is also past

164
Q

what is the most rare type of infinitive?

A

future passive infinitive

165
Q

what form is PPP as the fourth principle part of a verb?

A

masculine nominative singular

166
Q

what doesn’t an indirect statement use ever?

A

a clause with UT or QUOD

167
Q

finite verb

A

one with a person ending

168
Q

why can’t the subject of the infinitive in an indirect statement be nominative?

A

this slot has been used up by the subject of introductory verb, a new nominative can only be introduced if there is a second finite verb

169
Q

how is it normally best to translate an indirect statement?

A

with a THAT clause, but some verbs and idioms do allow the infinitive to be retained

170
Q

what happens when the subject of the infinitive in an indirect statement is the same as that of the introductory verb?

A

an accusative reflexive pronoun must be used- most commonly in 3rd person- se (him/her/itself/themselves) according to the subject

171
Q

what will the participle forming part of the perfect passive and future active infinitive in an indirect statement normally be?

A

accusative, changing its ending according to number/gender according to the subject of infinitive

172
Q

what is the tense of the infinitive in an indirect statement?

A

the tense of the original- what was said/thought at the time time

173
Q

what happens if the introductory verb in an indirect statement is historic?

A

English moves back a tense in translating the infinitive

174
Q

what does the future infinitive become in an indirect statement?

A

‘future-in-the-past’- would/was going to

175
Q

which is the only construction that ‘tense of the original’ applies to?

A

indirect statement

176
Q

what can the original direct statement lying behind an indirect statement be other than words which were actually spoken?

A

something simply thought/felt but not expressed

177
Q

which verbs in an indirect statement take special measures?

A

hope/promise/threaten, take this construction rather than a simple infinitive, so a reflexive pronoun must be put in if the intended action is going to be undertaken by the person who is the subject- to reinforce meaning they are usually followed by a future infinitive

178
Q

what is special about credo in an indirect statement?

A

it takes an accusative as subject of the infinitive, even though it takes a dative in other contexts

179
Q

what is used in an indirect statement when it’s introduced in English by the verb say and is negative?

A

the verb NEGO (say that…not or deny) is used rather than dico…non

180
Q

how are compound negatives expressed in indirect statements?

A

rather than ‘he said that no one had done this’, ‘he denied that anyone had done this’ is used

181
Q

nego…quemquam

A

say that no-one…

182
Q

nego…quicquam

A

say that nothing…

183
Q

nego…ullum

A

say that no…

184
Q

nego…umquam

A

say that…never…

185
Q

nego…usquam

A

say that…nowhere…

186
Q

when can dico be followed by non in an indirect statement?

A

if just a single word is negatived

187
Q

what happens when the introductory verb of an indirect statement is passive?

A

the construction is nominative and infinitive

188
Q

present subjunctive

A

it is often found as the main verb of a sentence as well in subordinate clauses, so it illustrates particularly clearly the basic job of the subjunctive to express a possibility or proposition; often expressed in English by translation ‘may’

189
Q

first conjugation active present subjunctive

A

em, es, et, emus, etis, ent- take ‘are’ off of the infinitive

190
Q

second conjugation active present subjunctive

A

am, as, at, amus, atis, ant- keep preceding vowel after you have removed ‘re’ from the infinitive

191
Q

fourth conjugation active present subjunctive

A

am, as, at, amus, atis, ant- keep preceding vowel after you have removed ‘re’ from the infinitive

192
Q

third conjugation active present subjunctive

A

am, as, at, amus, atis, ant- remove ‘ere’ from the infinitive

193
Q

why does the first conjugation active present subjunctive use different endings to all of the other conjugations?

A

if it used the same as the others, this would give unacceptably confusing 5/6 overlap with the present indicative, so the subjunctive uses ‘e’ in its endings instead of ‘a’

194
Q

what does the third conjugation active present subjunctive have a 1/6 overlap with?

A

future indicative

195
Q

how do you form the passive present subjunctive?

A

the present subjunctive forms are made passive by the usual formula - take the active endings and replace them with the passive ones

196
Q

what is the third person wish for the future often indistinguishable from?

A

the jussive subjunctive

197
Q

what does the negative form of a deliberative question use?

A

non

198
Q

other than translating impersonal verbs literally, what else is acceptable?

A

to turn it round, and make the person in the dative the subject of the ordinary verb

199
Q

what happens if there is no dative expressed in an impersonal phrase?

A

it is best represented by an impersonal translation which is passive in English- even if the dative is put in, this translation may still be best in some contexts (with the dative word translated as agent)

200
Q

what is an alternative used instead of opportet?

A

necesse est

201
Q

which case does opportet take?

A

the accusative

202
Q

which ordinary verb could easily be used in place of necesse est or opportet?

A

debeo

203
Q

what happens if either opportet or debeo refer to the past?

A

Latin uses the imperfect; translated as ‘I ought to have done’ rather than the intended ‘I oughted’

204
Q

what can necesse est take other than the infinitive taken by all of the other impersonal verbs?

A

a clause with ut and the subjunctive (present or imperfect by simple sequence)- this construction is the norm after the impersonal use of accido, in the form accidit ut (it happens that)

205
Q

what is a related idiom with impersonal verbs?

A

when an intransitive verb, particularly a verb of motion, is used as an impersonal passive

206
Q

what is an example of the impersonal passive?

A

perventum est- lit means ‘it was arrived/an act of arriving was done’- in historical narrative, often equivalent to third person plural (i.e. a plural agent is assumed), hence simply ‘they arrived’ (the context making it clear who is being talked about)

207
Q

what impersonal passive translation works well for pugnatum est?

A

fighting took place (lit it was fought)

208
Q

what does the impersonal passive share characteristics with?

A

the use of a ‘historical infinitive’ (replacing a past indicative, to give a sense of speed/urgency), where likewise a more generalised form of the verb replaces one with a conventional person ending agreeing with the subject

209
Q

what does the impersonal passive often appear as?

A

‘present historic’

210
Q

what is the impersonal passive also used with?

A

verbs which (although they may sound transitive in English) take the dative rather than the accusative; this is because the dative can’t be simply turned round (as the accusative can) to become the subject of a passive verb- in these cases, the dative is retained, and an agent with a/ab and the ablative can also be expressed

211
Q

what are further examples of verbs used impersonally?

A

the idiom ‘futurum esse ut’ as a periphrasis for the future passive infinitive; the neuter gerundive of obligation

212
Q

what happens with a passive indirect statement which is impersonal in English?

A

Latin prefers to use a personal subject in the nominative

213
Q

indirect commands

A

reports a direct command

214
Q

what is special about the verbs iubeo and veto in an indirect command?

A

they are followed by an infinitive, as in English

215
Q

what happens with all verbs apart from iubeo and veto in an indirect command?

A

take an ut clause, which is exactly like a purpose clause and likewise follows the rule of simple sequence- the range of verbs is quite wide, because a ‘command’ in the grammatical sense includes milder ideas such as a polite request

216
Q

what do negative indirect commands use?

A

ne

217
Q

how would you form a sentence like ‘we were ordered to do X’?

A

passive of iubeo used- impero takes a dative, and so cannot simply be made passive

218
Q

why are the constructions for purpose clauses and indirect commands the same?

A

the thought behind them is at root the same

219
Q

direct commands

A

normally expressed by an imperative

220
Q

how is a negative direct command formed?

A

noli (singular) or nolite (plural) plus the infinitive of the verb expressing the command; nec used with the imperative if a negative command is added after a positive one

221
Q

how do you form the singular imperative?

A

remove ‘re’ from the infinitive

222
Q

how do you form the plural imperative?

A

change ‘r’ to a ‘t’- in 3rd conjugation, ‘ere’ becomes ‘ite’

223
Q

fac

A

do/make

224
Q

fer

A

bring/carry

225
Q

i (sing.) or ite (plural)

A

go

226
Q

duc

A

lead

227
Q

dic

A

speak/talk

228
Q

es (sing.) or este (plural)

A

be

229
Q

how are the plurals of the irregular commands formed?

A

with ‘ite’ like 3rd conjugation verbs (apart from fer, which is formed like all the other conjugations)

230
Q

what does the singular imperative from deponent/actual passive verbs look like?

A

like the active infinitive of the appropriate conjugation

231
Q

what does the plural imperative from deponent/actual passive verbs look like?

A

adds -mini

232
Q

how are perfect passive verbs formed?

A

past participle + a form of esse

233
Q

how do you translate a perfect passive?

A

she WAS/HAS BEEN loved

234
Q

how do you translate a pluperfect passive?

A

she HAD BEEN loved

235
Q

how do you translate a future perfect passive?

A

she WILL HAVE BEEN loved

236
Q

form of esse used with perfect passive

A

sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt

237
Q

form of esse used with pluperfect passive

A

eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant

238
Q

form of esse used with future perfect passive

A

ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt

239
Q

when is ‘a’ used for an ablative?

A

if something is being done by someone/animal, omitted if the something is being done by a thing

240
Q

when are the forms ab/ex actually used?

A

if the next word begins with a vowel/h

241
Q

the gerund

A

a noun made from a verb, literally meaning ‘the act of doing X’, 2nd declension neuter noun, no plural, not used in the nominative and not in the accusative with a direct object, always active

242
Q

what is the difference between the gerund and a present active participle?

A

a present active participle is an adjective meaning ‘while doing X’

243
Q

how is the gerund formed?

A

from the verb stem, the characteristic vowel(s) for the conjugation and the ending -ndum

244
Q

how do deponent verbs form gerunds?

A

in the same way as all other verbs

245
Q

what is used in place of the gerund when a verbal noun is needed in the nominative or in the accusative as a direct object?

A

the infinitive (also treated as a noun, but indeclinable) is used instead- the literal translation of this also works sometimes

246
Q

when is the gerund used in the accusative?

A

after a preposition

247
Q

what does ad + gerund express?

A

purpose- common and can replace a purpose clause

248
Q

a genitive of definition

A

may be translated as ‘for, in, at, to’- according to context

249
Q

what are the common nouns and adjectives used with the genitive of the gerund?

A

ars, occasio, signum, spes, tempus, cupidus, peritus- all followed by a genitive of definition

250
Q

what happens with causa and the gerund?

A

it is in origin the ablative of the noun causa but in practise used like a preposition FOLLOWING the genitive

251
Q

dative of the gerund

A

relatively uncommon, but follows words which take the dative

252
Q

ablative of the gerund

A

almost always translated with ‘by’

253
Q

is the gerund qualified by an adjective or an adverb?

A

an adverb- the gerund is part of a verb

254
Q

what is the gerund of eo (go)?

A

eundum- often used in compound forms

255
Q

the gerundive

A

an adjective formed from a verb (like a participle but not counted as one), applies to transitive verbs, literally meaning ‘needing to be X’ed’, passive (even deponents), has the idea of obligation, no tense and it refers to a hypothetical future

256
Q

how is the gerundive formed?

A

from the verb stem, the characteristic vowel(s) for the conjugation and distinctive -nd- endings, but those of a 2-1-2 adjective depending on the object

257
Q

what is the most common use of the gerundive?

A

an adjective describing a noun, with the verb to be

258
Q

what happens when an agent is put in with a gerundive?

A

the agent goes into the dative without a preposition (instead of a/ab and the ablative, normally used with passive verbs)- turning round the sentence into the active is often natural (and is only possible) when the agent is put in

259
Q

agent

A

the person by whom the action must be done

260
Q

what is the Latin idiom with the use of the gerundive with verbs of entrusting and undertaking?

A

the gerundive is translated like an active infinitive or a noun

261
Q

transitive verb

A

a verb that takes one or more objects and from which a passive can be formed

262
Q

when is a gerundive used instead of a gerund?

A

when there is also a direct object involved

263
Q

what are the two Latin idioms where the gerund and gerundive appear to merge?

A

impersonal neuter gerundive of obligation; ‘gerundival attraction’

264
Q

impersonal neuter gerundive of obligation

A

this is a gerundive which looks like a gerund- a verb of motion or other intransitive verb can’t be made passive in the usual way but can have an impersonal passive- this idiom combines the passive and the expression of necessity of both the gerund and the gerundive- in English it is usually better to translate with an active verb, making the dative agent the subject

265
Q

what happens with the intransitive verbs which take the dative and also follow the impersonal neuter gerundive of obligation idiom?

A

the agent is expressed by a/ab end the ablative (as with ordinary passives) to avoid ambiguity, but the sentence can still be turned round into the active in English

266
Q

gerundival attraction

A

a gerund is turned into a gerundive- in English the idea of obligation disappears completely and the phrase still means what it did in its unconverted form- happens when there is a direct object involved

267
Q

attraction

A

the process by which a word is dragged into a change of identity by some more powerful influence

268
Q

what is the rule of gerundival attraction?

A

if a gerund has a direct object, that noun changes into the case of the gerund, and the gerund then changed into a gerundive agreeing with it

269
Q

when is gerundival attraction avoided?

A

if it would result in an unpleasing jingle of the 1st/2nd declension genitive plurals

270
Q

how do you find the ‘unconverted’ form of a phrase that has undergone gerundival attraction?

A

translate the gerundive lie a gerund, and the noun as its object

271
Q

how is the passive future perfect formed?

A

PPP + ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt

272
Q

which constructions use a present subjunctive for possible future action?

A

purpose clauses, indirect commands, verbs of fearing, conditional clauses

273
Q

why do certain constructions use the present subjunctive for possible future action?

A

it counts as incomplete by the sequence as it hasn’t even started

274
Q

in which constructions is a future subjunctive often required?

A

indirect questions, result clauses- Latin uses a periphrastic tense, made up of the future active participle + present subjunctive of sum (sim, sis, sit, simus, sitis, sint)- the participle changed number and gender to fit subject but will always be NOMINATIVE

275
Q

periphrastic tense

A

one expressed in a roundabout way

276
Q

which sequence does the periphrastic tense fall into?

A

primary

277
Q

what is a historic equivalent of the periphrastic future?

A

there is a future-in-the-past version, which uses the imperfect subjunctive of sum as the auxiliary verb with the future active participle- essem, esses, esset, essemus, essetis, essent

278
Q

which tenses are unexpectedly not periphrastic?

A

the normal perfect and pluperfect passive tenses, indicative and subjunctive, although also made from a participle and auxiliary verb, don’t count as periphrastic- but the indicative future-in-the-past does

279
Q

locative

A

a special form (for proper names and a few nouns), meaning at/in

280
Q

what does the locative look like?

A

for the names of towns and cities, the locative is normally the same as the genitive if the word is grammatically singular, and the same as the ablative if it is plural

281
Q

what do you need to be careful with when translating UBI and POSTQUAM?

A

they are followed by a perfect tense where the equivalent English (and the corresponding cum clause) would have a pluperfect

282
Q

hidden future

A

English uses a present tense where Latin uses a future, or more often future perfect (if the first action precedes the second)

283
Q

when are DUM and PRIUSQUAM used with the subjunctive?

A

when there is a suggestion of purpose

284
Q

concussive clause

A

although- usually expressed by quamquam with an indicative verb, or less commonly by quamvis with a subjunctive

285
Q

when is non used?

A

negatives a fact and in most circumstances goes with the indicative; going with the subjunctive in negative versions of result clauses (where it’s used as well as ut), cum clauses, deliberative questions, apodosis of closed/remote conditional sentences

286
Q

where is ne used?

A

negatives a possibility and goes with the subjunctive; used instead of ut in negative purpose clauses and in negative indirect commands

287
Q

positioning of non in a sentence

A

usually comes just before the verb; if it comes elsewhere, it negatives just the word following it

288
Q

ne after a verb of fearing

A

translated as ‘that’ and is not really negative

289
Q

how are negative direct commands expressed?

A

normally by noli (the imperative of nolo, pl nolite) with the infinitive of the verb expressing the forbidden action

290
Q

protasis

A

the clause expressing the condition in a conditional sentence

291
Q

apodosis

A

the clause expressing the consequence in a conditional clause

Latin 1 (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions