Grammar Shtuff Flashcards
What is a Direct Object [DO for short]
Pronoun that is affected by a verb
I [verbed] [DO]
They called HER = LA llamaron
They read THEM = LOS leen
I want IT = LO quiero
We help YOU = TE ayudamos
You look at ME = ME miras
What is Indirect object [IO for short]
Pronoun that is not directly affected by verb but when something is done for or to a pronoun.
I [verbed] [DO] to [IO]
He bought a car for ME = ME compró un coche
They threw the ball to YOU = TE tiró la pelota
We tell THEM = LES contamos
I gave it to YOU = TE lo doy
Direct objects pronouns
Me
Te
Lo/la
Nos
Os
Los/las
Indirect objects pronouns
Me
Te
Le
Nos
Os
Les
Reflexive Pronouns
Me
Te
Se
Nos
Os
Se
When to use reflexive vs direct pronouns
Reflexive is only used when doing stuff to self
Se lava = He washes himself
Lo lava = He washes him
Exception to direct and indirect pronoun rules
When le is followed by lo/la/los/la it must change to se
E.g. “She gave it to him”:
1. “Ella le lo dio” is wrong because le cannot be followed by a DO pronoun that begins with L
2. “Ella se lo dio” is correct because Le[him IO] is followed by Lo[it DO] so le must change to se
Gustar grammar rules
Gustar directly translates To be pleasing to
So it uses IO pronouns
(This is why “he likes” is “le gusta”)
Por
Because of
/for (on behalf of)
/through
/for a time
/per
/by (someone)
/in exchange
Para
In order to
/for someone
/destination
/by a deadline
/comparison (for a mexican)
a
to
De
Of
/from
[Constant]
Desde
From
/since
From
De/desde
For
Para
/por
To
a
Of
De
Since
Desde
Se me ha ___
I have ___ed it.
[It has been ____ed by me]
Se (IO)
Used when something happens accidentally to someone
Se me ha caido = I have dropped it
????? i do not know what I was on about here or if it is true. I will change later
Priority of pronouns
[IO] [Reflexive] [DO] verb
Because of
Por
for (Exchange)
Por
Per
Por
by (deadline)
Para
For (comparison)
Para
Through
Por
For (a time)
Por
Thanks for
Por
For (someone)
Para
For a destination
Para
(Done / made) by
Por
For (On behalf of)
Por
In order to
Para
Some
Algún / alguna
Some [plural]
Algunos/as
e
And. Used instead of “y” before words that begin with “i” or “hi”
[time] ago [something happened]
hace [time] que [something happened]
(It was ____ that _____)
[something happened] [time] ago
[something happened] hace [time]
Hace un año que estudian español
They have been studying Spanish for one year
____ has/have been [verbing] for [time]
hace [time] que [present verb] ____
There are as many ____ as
Hay tantos/as ____ como
As ____ as
tan ____ como
Less ___ than
menos ____ que
More ____ than
Más ____ que
There are more ____ than
Hay más ____ que
There are less ___ than
Hay menos ____ que
Cuantos sois?
How many are you?
Se not as reflexive or le
used when subject is not known similar to SB in Irish. ____ is [verbed]. El/ellos of verb depends on if noun after is singular or plural
Se hablan muchas idiomas
many languages are spoken
Se come pastel
cake is eaten
____ are expected
se esperan ____
____ is found
se encuentra ____
passive se grammar
used for when something happened to a verb but not what did it. Used for objects but not people commonly.
The book was written
Se escribió el libro
Bilingual actors are wanted
se buscan actores bilingües
mucho grammar
mucho is used BEFORE a NOUN
but AFTER a VERB
I am happy that
Me alegro de que
I am angry that
Estoy enojado de que
I am sad that
me entristece que
I am annoyed that
Me molesta que
Que vs de que
- Que can be replaced with “which” /“who” when after nouns
- De que cannot
- After most verbs use que unless de is part of verb
- Darse cuenta de que
Llegar vs llevar
They are different !
- Llevar is to carry / bring (away) / wear / take(time)
- Llegar is to arrive
How to position In/Direct when there are two verbs together
The object goes before the conjugated verb
She wants to buy IT = Ella LO quiere comprar
There are two verbs in a row here. “wants to buy” so the Lo goes before the conjugated verb(“wants”) not the root verb(“to buy”)
Where to position No in sentances
No always goes before the verb
“He does not have time” = “El NO tiene tiempo”
Same applies for nunca, nadie and other negatives
How to emphasize with direct objects
DO pronouns can be used to emphasise by placing noun and the DO pronoun before verb
Normal:
“Vi a María en la tienda”
Emphasized version:
“A María LA vi en la tienda”
En
In
On
At
Preposition Rules
Prepositions like en, con or a cannot be left at the end of a sentence on their own
“I don’t know who he left WITH”
“No sé CON quién salió”
A sentence can never end with the words a, con or en
Adjective placement
Usually after noun
“The blue car” = “El coche azul”
Adverb positioning
Either:
1. After verbs
2. before adjectives and other adverbs
“We left the building RAPIDLY”
“Salimos RÁPIDAMENTE del edificio”
Can never go between verb and helping verb
E.g. “I have ALWAYS wanted”
“He SIEMPRE querido” WRONG
“SIEMPRE he querido” RIGHT
Before
[and rules for using it]
- Antes (When at the end of a phrase)
- Antes de (before a noun)
- Antes de que (before conjugated verb)
