Grammar set - 1 Flashcards
como se nega 有？
=》 you must use 没 (méi) to negate the verb 有 (yǒu).
我 没有 问题。= I don’t have any questions.
我们 现在 没有 钱。= i don`t have money now
他们 没有 爸爸 妈妈 。 = they don`t have parents
我们 在 北京 没有 房子。 = we don`t have house in beijing
这 个 周末 你们 都 没有 时间 吗？ = do you all not have time this weekend?
=》 没有 (méiyǒu) can be shortened to 没 (méi) without altering its meaning.
我 没 钱 = i don`t have money
老板 现在 没 时间。= the boss doesn`t have time right now
我 没 工作，我 老公 也 没 工作。 = I dont have a job, my husband also dont have one
uso do 也
=》 The English adverb “too” or “also” is expressed in Chinese as 也 (yě). In Chinese, it always needs to come before the verb (or adjective).
Structure
Since it is an adverb, 也 (yě) is inserted after the subject, before the verb or verb phrase.
Subj. + 也 + Verb / [Verb Phrase]
她 也 有 一个 儿子。 = she also has a son
我 也 想 学 中文。 = i also would like to learn mandarin
他们 也 会 去吗？ = are they also going?
你 也 想 来 我 家 吗？ = you also want to come to my home
=》 make sure you put the 也 (yě) before the 不 (bù) or other negative part that comes before the verb.
我 也 不 知道。 = i don`t know either
他 也 没 有。= i don`t have either
=》 也 (yě) can also be used with adjectives. Remember that for simple “noun + adjective” sentences you normally need to include an adverb like 很 (hěn) before the adjective. In that case, just put the 也 (yě) before the adverb.
Subj. + 也 (+ Adv.) + Adj.
他 也 很 胖 = i`m very fat too
我 爸爸 也 很 帅。 = my dad is also handsome
湖南 菜 也 很 辣 = Huan Nan`s food is also very spicy
这 种 酒 也 很 好喝。 = this kind of alcoohol is also very good
他 生气 了 ？ 我 也 很 生气！= he is angry? i`m also very angry
=》 you can say me too by using 我 + 也 + verb
uso do 都
=》 The adverb 都 (dōu) is used to express “all” in Chinese. It’s common to use 都 (dōu) in a variety of sentences where it would seem unnecessary in English.
Remember that 都 (dōu) appears after the subject. A common mistake learners make is to put 都 (dōu) at the beginning of the sentence。
你们 都 认识 John 吗 ？ = Do you all know John?
他们 都 在 上海 。= They are all in Shanghai.
明天 我们 都 可以 去 。= Tomorrow we all can go.
你们 都 用 wiki 吗 ？= Nǐmen dōu yòng wiki ma?
我们 都 要 冰水。= We all want ice water.
=》 Chinese doesn’t normally use a special word for “both” like English does. It just uses 都 (dōu) as if it were any other number greater than one. Chinese also doesn’t have a special pattern like “neither / nor” for the negative case. Just use 都 (dōu) and make the sentence negative.
Structure = Subj. + 都 + [Verb Phrase]
=》 These examples follow exactly the same form in Chinese as the ones above. The only difference is that here we don’t translate 都 (dōu) as “all” in English; we translate it as “both,” and for negative cases, we translate it as “neither.”
我们 两 个 都 爱 你 。= The two of us both love you.
你 爸爸 和 你 妈妈 都 是 美国人 吗？ = Are your father and your mother both Americans?
我 和 我 太太 都 不 吃 肉 = Neither my wife nor I eat meat.
她 和 她 老公 都 没有 工作。= Neither she nor her husband has a job.
use of 和
=》 When listing out multiple nouns, 和 (hé) is there to help you out. Just remember that 和 (hé) isn’t a word you can use to translate just any usage of the English word “and.” The most common way to express “and” in Chinese is with 和 (hé). It’s important to note that 和 (hé) is mainly used to link nouns. This is how you should use it exclusively as you get used to it. Don’t try to link verbs (or whole sentences) with 和 (hé).
wrong use of 和
I went to the store and bought some gum.
=>Don’t use 和 (hé) for this “and”! “Went to the store” and “bought some gum” are both verb phrases, not nouns.
Structure = Noun 1 + 和 + Noun 2
老板 喜欢 咖啡 和 茶。= The boss likes coffee and tea.
我 的 爷爷 和 奶奶 都 70 岁 。= My grandpa and grandma are both 70 years old.
他 和 他 女朋友 都 喜欢 中国 菜 。= He and his girlfriend both like Chinese food.
手机 和 电脑 都 很 贵 。= Cell phones and computers are both expensive.
德语 和 法语 都 很 难 吗 ？= Are both German and French difficult?
今天 和 明天 都 可以 吗 ？ = Jīntiān hé míngtiān dōu kěyǐ ma?
expressar posse com 的（pessoa ou instituição próxima)
=》 Expressing possession in Chinese is accomplished with the particle 的 (de). But sometimes when certain (especially close) relationships are involved, it’s more natural to drop the 的 (de).
Structure = Pronoun + Noun
=》 Normally possession is expressed using the particle 的 (de). However, you can omit 的 (de) in these cases:
#A close personal relationship is involved (family, close friends, boyfriends or girlfriends)
#An institutional or organizational relationship is involved (school, work)
我 家 很 大。 = My house is very big.
你 哥哥 很 高 。 = Your big brother is very tall.
这 是 我 女朋友。= This is my girlfriend.
她 妈妈 很 漂亮。= Her mom is very pretty.
我们 学校 很 大 。= Our school is big.
他们 公司 在 北京。= Their company is in Bejing.
你 男朋友 很 帅。= Your boyfriend is very handsome.
他 儿子 很 有名。 = His son is really famous.
我 女儿 会 说 英语。= My daughter can speak English.
他 爸爸 是 我们 公司 的 老板。 = His dad is the boss of our company.
In these cases 的 (de) should be omitted. It doesn’t sound as natural if you leave it in.
uso do 呢
=》 The particle 呢 (ne) can be used to ask reciprocal questions, also known as “bounce back” questions. 呢 (ne) can also be used to form simple questions asking “what about…?” or “how about…?”
=》 And it’s as simple as that. Say what you want to ask about, then stick 呢 (ne) on the end. A very common way to use this is to return a question after being asked it.
Structure = Topic + 呢 ？
Examples
=>More 呢 (ne) examples (each of these can be translated as a “what about” question):
这 个 很 好 ， 那 个 呢 ？= This one is good. What about that one?
这 个 用 中文 怎么 说？那 个 呢 ？ = How do I say this in Chinese? And that?
我 在 家，你 呢 ？ = I’m at home. What about you?
你 爸爸 是 上海 人 ，你 妈妈 呢 ？ = Your father is Shanghainese. And your mom?
你 哥哥 有 工作，弟弟 呢 ？= Your big brother has a job. What about your little brother?
北京 下雨 了 。 上海 呢 ？= It’s raining in Beijing. How about in Shanghai?
我 现在 要 出去 。 你 呢 ？= I’m going to go out now. How about you?
我 知道 你 会 说 中文 。 你 老公 呢 ？= I know you can speak Chinese. What about your husband?
这 个 周末 我 想 去 酒吧 。 你们呢 ？= I want to go to a bar this weekend. What about you all?
今天 晚上 没 空 ？ 明天 晚上呢 ？ = You don’t have time tonight? What about tomorrow evening?
Asking “Where” with 呢 (ne)
=》You’ll occasionally hear someone seemingly using 呢 (ne) out of the blue. When this happens, they’re usually asking where someone or something is, and they expect that you know what they’re talking about and know where that person or thing is.
Structure = [Missing Person / Thing] + 呢 ？
钱 呢 ？= Where’s the money?
你 妈妈 呢 ？ = Where’s your mom?
我 的 手机 呢 ？= Where’s my cell phone?
expressando sugestão com 吧
=》 The particle 吧 (ba) has a number of different uses. Here we’ll talk about the simplest way to use 吧 (ba): making suggestions.
Structure = Command + 吧
=》 Note that in Chinese, whenever you have a command with the subject “we,” you’re basically just saying, “let’s (do something).” 吧 (ba) just makes the suggestion sound more tentative and more polite.
我们 走 吧。 = Let’s go.
你 说 吧。= You say it.
快 点 吃 吧。= Hurry up and eat.
给 我 两 个 吧。= Give me two.
喝 水 吧。= Drink water
我们 去 香港 吧 = Let’s go to Hong Kong.
我们 六 点 去吧？= We’re going at 6 o’clock (right)?
休息 一下 吧。= Take a break.
我们 结婚 吧。= Wǒmen jiéhūn ba.
老板 ，便宜 一点 吧。= Boss, can you make it cheaper?
uso do 在（lugar）
=》 The verb 在 (zài) expresses existence in a location, similar to how we say in English, “to be at” or “to be in.”
The verb 在 (zài) is used to express existence in a place. English does not have a verb exclusively for this purpose, and instead uses “to be” with a preposition. In Chinese, 在 (zài) can cover both of these roles.
Structure = Subj. + 在 + Place
老板 在 外面。= The boss is outside.
他 不 在 学校。= he’s not at school.
老师 不 在 办公室 吗？ = Is the teacher not in the office?
谁 在 楼上？ = Who is upstairs?
我 和 朋友 在 酒吧。= I’m with a friend at a bar.
existence com 有
=》 The verb 有 (yǒu), which means “to have,” can also be used to express existence. This is similar to saying “there is” or “there are” in English.
我 家 有 很 多 小 狗。= There are a lot of puppies in my home.
我们 学校 有 很 多 帅哥 。= There are a lot of cute guys in our school.
日本 有 很 多 中国人。 = There are many Chinese people in Japan.
这 个 酒吧 有 很 多 美女。= There are a lot of pretty girls in this bar.
你 家 有 牛奶 吗？= Is there milk in your house?
这里 有 一 个 问题。= There is a problem here.
房间 里 有 人 吗？ = Is there anyone in the room?
杯子 里 有 水 吗？= Is there any water in the cup?
现在 办公室 里 有 人 吗？= Is there anyone in the office now?
Expressing existence in a place with 在
=》 The verb 在 (zài) expresses existence in a location, similar to how we say in English, “to be at” or “to be in.”
=》 Structure = Subj. + 在 + Place
Remember that you don’t need another verb in this construction. It can be tempting to try use 是 (shì), as English uses “to be,” but this is not correct. 在 (zài) is the only verb needed.
我 在 上海。= I’m in Shanghai.
他们 在 英国。= They’re in England.
老板 在 外面。= The boss is outside.
他 不 在 学校。 = He’s not at school.
她 现在 在 家 吗？= Is she at home now?
你 在 公司 吗？= Are you at the office?
老师 不 在 办公室 吗？ = Is the teacher not in the office?
我 和 朋友 在 酒吧。= I’m with a friend at a bar.
Using the verb “qu”
Notice that you don’t need a word to express “to.”
=》 You can use 去 (qù) whenever you have somewhere to go. It’s pretty easy to get a handle on this verb; the only trick is getting used to not needing a word for “to” before the destination.
=》 去 (qù) with Just a Place
#The verb 去 (qù) means "to go," and is an easy way to talk about going to places. => Structure = Subj. + 去 + [Place]
我 去 公司 。= I’m going to the office.
你 去 洗手间 吗？ = Are you going to the restroom?
下午 我 会 去 超市。= In the afternoon, I’ll go to the supermarket.
我们 现在 去 公园。= We’re going to the park now.
晚上 我们 去 酒吧 。你 去 吗 ？ = Tonight we’re going to the bar. Are you going?
= 》 去 (qù) with a Verb
Instead of a place, 去 (qù) can also be followed by some sort of action. The structure then means “go to do (something),” and “go and do (something).”
=> Structure = Subj. + 去 + Verb
我 去 工作 。= I’m going to work.
他 去 上课 。= 他 去 上课 。
他 去 上课 。= He’s going to class.
你 想 去 旅行 吗？ = Would you like to go travel?
我们 去 吃饭 吧 。= Let’s go eat.
九 点 我们 去 买 。= At 9 o’clock, we’ll go buy it.
Using the verb “xing” 姓
However, the formal way to ask has a set form:
=》 The verb 姓 (xìng) literally means “to be surnamed” or “to have the surname.” It may seem awkward at first that there’s a verb just for this, but you’ll find that it’s used quite often in Chinese.
姓 (xìng) is used most often to tell someone your own surname (“family name” or “last name”), or to ask the surname of someone else.
=>Structure = Subj. + 姓 + [Surname]
我 姓 王。= My family name is Wang.
你 老板 姓 李 吗？= Is your boss’s last name Li?
那 个 帅哥 姓 张。= That handsome guy’s last name is Zhang.
我 爸爸 姓 周，我 妈妈 姓 林 。= My father’s family name is Zhou. My mother’s family name is Lin.
他 女朋友 姓 钱。= His girlfriend’s last name is Qian.
你好，我 姓 毛。= Hello. My last name is Mao.
我 姓 赵，我 太太 也 姓 赵。= My last name is Zhao. My wife’s last name is also Zhao.
我 的 中文 老师 姓 陈。= My Chinese teacher’s surname is Chen.
=》Asking Someone’s Surname
You can also use 姓 (xìng) to ask people their surnames. You could do this quite directly by saying:
你 姓 什么? = What is your last name?
您 贵 姓 ？= What is your honorable surname?
Expressing “be going to” with “yao”
Note that the time word is not strictly required, and when it’s missing, you may at first find yourself wondering which usage of 要 (yào) you’re dealing with. This is normal; it just takes some getting used to.
=》The auxiliary verb 要 (yào) has several different meanings, and here we’ll tackle the “be going to” meaning. You’ll use this when you are discussing your plans with someone.
The idea behind this usage of 要 (yào) is that someone is “planning to” or “going to” or “preparing to” do something. It’s not that they just want to, or have to, it’s that they fully expect to do it. It’s in their plan.
This usage of 要 (yào) typically includes a time word of some sort, which may be placed before or after the subject. This is fairly logical; if you’re discussing plans for the future, you’re quite likely to say when you plan to do things.
Structure = Subj. + Time + 要 + Verb
or = Time + Subj. + 要 + Verb
我 明天 要 买 一 个 iPhone。 = I am going to buy an iPhone tomorrow.
你们 现在 要 出去 吗？ = Are you all going out now?
我们 今年 要 去 美国 。 = We are planning to go to the U.S. this year.
他 下 个 月 要 来 中国 工作。 = He is coming to China to work next month.
你 下 个 星期 要 去 她 家 吃 晚饭 吗？= Are you going to her place for dinner next week?
这 个 星期天 你 要 做 什么？= What are you doing this Sunday?
我 晚上 要 给 妈妈 打电话。 = I am going to call my mom this evening.
下午 老师 要 来 我家。 = The teacher is coming to my place this afternoon.
老板 明天 要 见 他们 吗？ = Is the boss going to meet them tomorrow?
下班 以后 你 要 回家 吗？ = Are you planning to go home after getting off work?
Expressing permission with “keyi”
我 可以 在 这里 停车 吗？ = Can I park here?
=》 可以 (kěyǐ) is an auxiliary verb primarily used for expressing permission. It’s often translated as “can,” but in order to not get it confused with other words, it’s best to think of it as “may” to emphasize the permission aspect.
=> Just put 可以 (kěyǐ) in directly before a verb to create a meaning of “may” (plus the verb). It’s the same structure whether it’s a statement or a question.
我 可以 进来 吗？= May I come in?
二十 一 岁 以后 可以 喝酒。 = After you are 21 years old, you may drink alcohol.
妈妈，我 可以 出去 玩 吗？ = Mom, may I go out and play?
我们 可以 在 办公室 吃饭 吗？= Can we eat in the office?
=》可以 (kěyǐ) sentences are negated with 不 (bù), which is inserted before 可以 (kěyǐ).
