Grammar Rules Flashcards
Sentence endings (formal)
Statement:
-After consonant: + 습니다
-After vowel: + ㅂ니다
Question:
-After consonant: + 습니까?
-After vowel: + ㅂ니까?
Command:
-After consonant: + 으십시오
-After vowel: + 십시오
Suggestion (Let’s…):
-After consonant: + 읍시다
-After vowel: + ㅂ시다
General sentence structure
Verb stem + respect for subject + tense + sentence ending
Special verb -이다
Noun always attached to 이다 verb:
징링은 친구입니다.
Sentence endings (casual)
- Syllable withㅏ or ㅗ : attach -아요
하 end: attach -해요
Other: attach -어요 - Vowel end:
1) omit 아 or 어 when same as vowel
가 + 아요 -> 가요
서 + 어요 -> 서요
2) ㅗ + 아요 -> ㅘ요
3) ㅜ + 어요 -> ㅝ요
4) ㅣ+ 어요 -> ㅕ요
5) Afterㅐorㅔ, drop 어
보내다: 보내 + 어요 -> 보내요
Particles
1) Destination/Location/Time of event particle: -에 (eg: 저녁에 -> evening)
2) Place of action particle: -에서
3) Subject particle: (C) -이 / (V) -가
Except: 나 -> 내가, 저 -> 제가,
and 누구 -> 누가
4) Topic/Contrast particle: (C) -은
(V) -는
5) Object particle: (C) -을 / (V) -를
6) Question words 어디, 누구, 뭐 (무엇):
Particle depends on role in sentence:
뭐가 좋아요? What is good? (Subject)
뭐를 먹어요? What are you eating? (Eating what? -> object)
7) Addition particles:
Also: -도
And: -하고
Eg: 누나하고 형도
Adjective/State verbs
1) 좋다 (좋아요): to be good
2) 많다 (많아요): to be many
3) 비싸다 (비싸요): to be expensive
4) 맞다 (맞아요): to be right
5) 멀다 (멀어요): to be far
Respectful 씨 with names
Used with first names or full names:
징링 씨
첸징링 씨
To exist, To NOT exist
To exist: 있다
To not exist: 없다
Location vocab
Top/On: 위
Under/Below: 아래/밑
Front: 앞
Next to/Side of: 옆
Behind: 뒤
Inside/In (more general): 안
Inside (smaller space): 속
Outside: 밖
Across the street: 길 건너 (길: street)
Opposite side: 맞은편 (편: side)
Right side: 오른쪽
Left side: 왼쪽
Right hand: 오른손 (손: hand)
Left hand: 왼손
How to write:
Eg: On top of desk -> desk’s top
-> 책상(의) 위
Respectful 시 with verb ending
C stem ending + 으시 + V verb ending
V stem ending + 시 + V verb ending
-의 possessive particle (& modifier)
Pronounced -에
1) Used for location vocab:
On top of desk -> desk’s top
-> 책상(의) 위
2) Possession:
Jing-Ling’s book -> 징링(의) 책
Usually only explicitly/verbally used for pronouns:
나 + 의 -> 내
저 + 의 -> 제
너 (you) + 의 -> 네 (your)
Plural suffix
-들
If/when smtg happens (,then…) -Particle
-으면 (C)/면 (V & ㄹ ending)
-> just stem, or past tense
From [time/place] to [time/place] - particles
From morning till evening:
[아침]부터 [저녁]까지
From home to school:
[집]에서 [학교]까지
Question word/Sentence with number
Noun + 몇 + Counter
Noun + number + counter
