Grammar Rules Flashcards
Sentence endings (formal)
Statement:
-After consonant: + 습니다
-After vowel: + ㅂ니다
Question:
-After consonant: + 습니까?
-After vowel: + ㅂ니까?
Command:
-After consonant: + 으십시오
-After vowel: + 십시오
Suggestion (Let’s…):
-After consonant: + 읍시다
-After vowel: + ㅂ시다
General sentence structure
Verb stem + respect for subject + tense + sentence ending
Special verb -이다
Noun always attached to 이다 verb:
징링은 친구입니다.
Sentence endings (casual)
- Syllable withㅏ or ㅗ : attach -아요
하 end: attach -해요
Other: attach -어요 - Vowel end:
1) omit 아 or 어 when same as vowel
가 + 아요 -> 가요
서 + 어요 -> 서요
2) ㅗ + 아요 -> ㅘ요
3) ㅜ + 어요 -> ㅝ요
4) ㅣ+ 어요 -> ㅕ요
5) Afterㅐorㅔ, drop 어
보내다: 보내 + 어요 -> 보내요
Particles
1) Destination/Location/Time of event particle: -에 (eg: 저녁에 -> evening)
2) Place of action particle: -에서
3) Subject particle: (C) -이 / (V) -가
Except: 나 -> 내가, 저 -> 제가,
and 누구 -> 누가
4) Topic/Contrast particle: (C) -은
(V) -는
5) Object particle: (C) -을 / (V) -를
6) Question words 어디, 누구, 뭐 (무엇):
Particle depends on role in sentence:
뭐가 좋아요? What is good? (Subject)
뭐를 먹어요? What are you eating? (Eating what? -> object)
7) Addition particles:
Also: -도
And: -하고
Eg: 누나하고 형도
Adjective/State verbs
1) 좋다 (좋아요): to be good
2) 많다 (많아요): to be many
3) 비싸다 (비싸요): to be expensive
4) 맞다 (맞아요): to be right
5) 멀다 (멀어요): to be far
Respectful 씨 with names
Used with first names or full names:
징링 씨
첸징링 씨
To exist, To NOT exist
To exist: 있다
To not exist: 없다
Location vocab
Top/On: 위
Under/Below: 아래/밑
Front: 앞
Next to/Side of: 옆
Behind: 뒤
Inside/In (more general): 안
Inside (smaller space): 속
Outside: 밖
Across the street: 길 건너 (길: street)
Opposite side: 맞은편 (편: side)
Right side: 오른쪽
Left side: 왼쪽
Right hand: 오른손 (손: hand)
Left hand: 왼손
How to write:
Eg: On top of desk -> desk’s top
-> 책상(의) 위
Respectful 시 with verb ending
C stem ending + 으시 + V verb ending
V stem ending + 시 + V verb ending
-의 possessive particle (& modifier)
Pronounced -에
1) Used for location vocab:
On top of desk -> desk’s top
-> 책상(의) 위
2) Possession:
Jing-Ling’s book -> 징링(의) 책
Usually only explicitly/verbally used for pronouns:
나 + 의 -> 내
저 + 의 -> 제
너 (you) + 의 -> 네 (your)
Plural suffix
-들
If/when smtg happens (,then…) -Particle
-으면 (C)/면 (V & ㄹ ending)
-> just stem, or past tense
From [time/place] to [time/place] - particles
From morning till evening:
[아침]부터 [저녁]까지
From home to school:
[집]에서 [학교]까지
Question word/Sentence with number
Noun + 몇 + Counter
Noun + number + counter
주다 auxiliary
Verb stem + 아요/어요/여요
+
줘요 - 줬어요 (younger subject, gives to younger than them person)
주세요 - 주셨어요 (older subject, gives to younger than them person)
드려요 - 드렸어요 (younger subject, gives to older than them person)
드리세요 - 드리셨어요 (older subject, gives to even older person)
Telling time (notes)
12시 반 (12:30)
2시 5분 전 (5min to 2시)
으면/면 (v or ㄹ)
Stem + (시) + 으면/면
이랑/랑
Noun (someone,smtg) + 이랑/랑
Stem + 고 싶다
Stem + 기 싫다
Only change for irregular 으 (뻐요) irregular ㅂ (굽->구우), and
2 exceptions (돕->도오, 곱->고오) IF
아요/어요/여요, 아서/어서/여서
or 았어요/었어요/였어요
In order to [가다/오다/다니다] - particle
Stem + 으러/러 (V & ㄹ)
일자리를 (job) 찾으러 학교에 다녀요.
골프 배우러 다녀요. (Implies golf course/lessons)
In order to do smtg - MAIN verb [all verbs]
-doing smtg (main) to do smtg (not main)
Stem + 으려고/려고 (V & ㄹ)
Eg: 한국에 가려고 (not main verb) 한국말을 배워요 (main verb) -> 려고
In order to VS Because
ㄷ irregular
ㄷ become ㄹ in front of vowels
걷다 (to walk) -> 걷 + 어요 -> 걸어요
걷습니다
묻다 (to ask) -> 묻 + 었어요 -> 물었어요
듣다 (to listen) -> 듣 + 으시 + 어요 ->
들으세요
Event/moment in time
먹을 때 친구가 전화했어요. (While I was eating my friend called me)
먹었을 때 친구가 전화했어요. (After I had eaten, my friend called me)
먹었을 때 이야기할 까요? (After I have eaten, shall we talk?)
Particle for “Even _”
Noun-조차
