GRAMMAR OVERVIEW Y1 Flashcards
Reverse concord
the numbers take feminine endings but have masculine agreement
That
أنّ
أنّ Is followed by
A case noun or pronoun Tense doesn’t need to change
أنْ is always followed by
Verb - A case imperfect It is equal to an infinitive
أنْ
that
Clauses beginning with أنْ resemble
The verbal noun
May have have a suffix أنّ
pronoun attached to it هل نسي أَنَّهُ جاء بهِ
If the following verb conveys a past completed action
أنّ is used
May also be used to express أنّ
Indirect speech (“He said that…”)
أنْ لا / ألا
That not
“It is expected that”
مِنْ المُنْتظرِ أنْ
“He intends to”
يقصِدُ أنْ
“He hopes to”
يرْجو أنْ
لا
Used with U imperfect Present, future
لنْ
Used with A imperfect Future Often emphatic
لمْ
0 imperfect Past Followed by zero case (or liaison vowel) (We use this FAR more often than ما + perfect to show negative past tense)
With continuous past tense, the negative
Precedes كان (not imperfect) لَمْ is used
Negative interrogatives are introduced by
أ + neg. particle (Not هل)
Nothing
Rendered by شيْءٌ (at end) + negative (at start)
Never
Past tense: Rendered by negative + قطُّ Future tense: rendered by negative + أبداً
In a series of sentences joined by و, the particle قد can be found
Before the second perfect tense verb This is often stylistic
In a subordinate clause قد may mean
“Has” (Before a perfect verb) OR “had” ie The pluperfect
With the imperfect قد can mean
May, might, perhaps
The particle قد can occur before
لا To make “may”-> “may not”
may appear before an لَقَدْ
Initial Perfect verb لقد أكلْنا كلّ… We’ve eaten all…
The particle لَقَدْ may appear after
ف…أمّا To indicate “but I have…”
Clause of attendant circumstance حال
Indicates something that continues to happen “He remained eating” “I found her eating” They can be: Perfect & imperfect Imp & imp Perfect & وقد & perfect
The حال clause may begin… Which conjunction is needed?
With the subject and may also be an equational sentence The و conjunction is needed twice وجدْتها وهي تجْلسُ = I found her and she was sitting “I found her sitting”
What follows prepositions?
I case
The object of transitive verbs are
A case
After إنّ the topic switches from U to
A case
After ولكن
Switch to A case
Case used before suffix pronouns
A case
Prepositions attached to suffix pronouns take
I case (like all other prepositions)
Case indicating possession
I case
For first person possession the case is
Dropped مكْتبي = my office
Particle used to separate two object pronouns
إيّا سأعْطيكَ إيّاه = I’ll give it to you
May also be used for إيّا
Rhetorical emphasis إياكُمُ اخْترْنا = it’s you we’ve chosen
الَّذِي
Masculine singular relative pronoun
الّتي
Fem singular relative pronoun
الَّذِين
Masc plural relative pronoun
اللواتي
Fem plural relative pronoun
The noun is the
Antecedent
When the antecedent is not the subject
A suffix pronoun is necessary (attached to verb)
When the antecedent is grammatically DEFINITE
A relative pronoun is needed
A following verb will
Agree with the antecedent in person
Masculine singular relative pronoun
الَّذِي
Fem singular relative pronoun
الّتي
Masc plural relative pronoun
الَّذِين
Fem plural relative pronoun
اللواتي
Verb Subject Object What is the correct order with a) Definite subject b) Definite object
Verb -> definite subject -> object Verb -> definite object -> subject
After إنّ
Subject -> verb -> object
Question order
هل -> object subject verb
When initial, ء is associated with
ا alif Imperfect prefixes are added to verbs with initial أ - it is not removed
When final after a long vowel, hamza is
Written alone (Addition of ت in verbs makes no difference)
Nouns and adjs ending in ي, addition of a further element (i.e. ة), causes ء to
Be written on top of ي I.e. ئة
When final and after alif, hamza is
Written: أ Verb suffixes make no difference
The hamza in Form 2 imperfect verbs starting with أ change when prefixes are added:
To ؤ: ألّف -> يؤلّف
When ء is followed by ي suffix
Written: ئ
When ء follows و and is before a suffix pronoun
Written: ؤ
When final and after a consonant, hamza is
Written alone The addition of اً only causes a change if the اً may be joined to the previous letter I.e. ملئاً
When medial, and if vowels either side are i, hamza is written
ئ
When medial, and if the vowels are a and u, hmza is written
ؤ
ا alif Imperfect prefixes are added to verbs with initial أ - it is not removed
When initial, ء is associated with
Written alone (Addition of ت in verbs makes no difference)
When final after a long vowel, hamza is
Be written on top of ي I.e. ئة
Nouns and adjs ending in ي, addition of a further element (i.e. ة), causes ء to
Written: أ Verb suffixes make no difference
When final and after alif, hamza is
To ؤ: ألّف -> يؤلّف
The hamza in Form 2 imperfect verbs starting with أ change when prefixes are added:
Written: ئ
When ء is followed by ي suffix
Written: ؤ
When ء follows و and is before a suffix pronoun
Written alone The addition of اً only causes a change if the اً may be joined to the previous letter I.e. ملئاً
When final and after a consonant, hamza is
ئ
When medial, and if vowels either side are i, hamza is written
ؤ
When medial, and if the vowels are a and u, hmza is written
فعيل
Nouns and adjectives
مفْعل
Nouns of place
Where R3 is ي in the pattern فعيلٌ we have
فعِيّ (We don’t double the ي)
Active participle (doer)
فاعل
Passive participle (receiver)
مفْعول
The hollow version of a noun of place is
مفالٌ / مفالةٌ
فعّالٌ / فعّالةٌ
Pattern of habitual action Often indicates a trade (cook, peasant) May indicate a piece of machinery (car, fridge etc)
فعالةٌ
Abstract noun pattern Denotes concepts, ie friendship, cleanliness
فُعولَة
Abstract noun pattern, denotes concepts such as motherhood, childhood
Active participle - doer
فاعل
Passive participle - patient
مفْعول
Active participle of intransitive verbs (don’t impact any other object) indicate:
State (eg Sitting)
Non human passive participles used as nouns (i.e. Drinks, subjects) have the plural ending
اتٌ (Feminine plural)
Passaic participle of derived forms may serve as
Noun of place
Some passive participles convey
the notion of”…-able” مقبولٌ = acceptable
A passive participle may govern a
preposition مسموح به “Permissible with it” = Is permitted
To indicate possession:
Noun + suffix pronoun كتابَهُ
The suffix pronoun is attached to
The noun it possesses, but not the qualifying adjective
The noun which the suffix is attached to has
No definite article, but the adjective qualifying it does قرأ كتابَهُ الجديدَ بيتي الجديدُ
The first noun in possession is marked by the
Definite ending, but no article
The noun possessor is marked by
I case If the series is extended all nouns except the first are I case
When there’s more than one possessive
“The x of the z and it’s y” I.e. بابُ المطبخِ وشبّاكه (The door of the kitchen and it’s window -> the door and window of the kitchen)
The possessor of the noun may be indefinite too
It has the indefinite I case ending تقريرُ زميلٍ
We possessive suffix
نا
They masc pl possessive suffix
هِمُ
You masc pl possessive suffix
كُمْ
I/my possessive suffix
ي
His possessive suffix
هُ
Her possessive suffix
ها
They fem pl possessive suffix
هُنّ
You fem pl possessive suffix
كُنّ
Noun + suffix pronoun كتابَهُ
To indicate possession:
The noun it possesses, but not the qualifying adjective
The suffix pronoun is attached to
No definite article, but the adjective qualifying it does قرأ كتابَهُ الجديدَ بيتي الجديدُ
The noun which the suffix is attached to has
Definite ending, but no article
The first noun is marked by the
I case If the series is extended all nouns except the first are I case
The noun possessor is marked by
“The x of the z and it’s y” I.e. بابُ المطبخِ وشبّاكه (The door of the kitchen and it’s window -> the door and window of the kitchen)
When there’s more than one possessive
It has the indefinite I case ending تقريرُ زميلٍ
The possessor of the noun may be indefinite too
نا
We possessive suffix
هِمُ
They masc pl possessive suffix
كُمْ
You masc pl possessive suffix
ي
I/my possessive suffix
هُ
His possessive suffix
ها
Her possessive suffix
هُنّ
They fem pl possessive suffix
كُنّ
You fem pl possessive suffix
Bi-radical nouns add … before the dual suffix
‘wow’
ie. “ab” -> “abuuaan”
Two singular nouns will require
dual concord
(And a dual noun may be ualified by two singular adjectives.)
Parts of the body occurring in pairs are
unmarked feminine nouns
Positive imperatives are formed by the
zero imperfect minus the prefixes
A negative imperative is formed by
‘la’ + imperfect zero case
the imperative in form 4 contains
the alif prefix
A case adjectives used as adverbs (i.e. He found the cheese excellent) will follow
A case objects
Comparatives/superlatives are signified by
أ prefix أفْعلُ
With final weak comparatives/superlatives, the hollow radical is replaced with
ى Ie ذكيّ -> أذْكى
With hollow R2 comparatives/superlatives we
Completely remove R2 قليل -> أقَلُّ
Explicit comparatives are always followed by
مِنْ أكبرُ مَنْ = bigger than
If the comparison is not with another noun (ie with a verb or time instead, such as “yesterday”), it is followed by
ممّا (than) Instead of مَنْ أشدُّ ممّا كانتْ أمس (it is stronger than yesterday)
The pattern فِعالَةٌ
May indicate abstract nouns or verbal nouns Ie ministry, leadership
Degree of difference is indicated by
The comparative prefix أ followed by an adjective with the prefix بِ أجْملَ بكثيرٍ = much more beautiful than
THE OBJECT OF A TRANSITIVE VERB IS IN THE A CASE
دخل الفندقَ
“He entered the hotel”
- An action is being performed upon the hotel, so it’s in the object case.
انّ and ولكن INDICATE SHIFTS FROM U TO A CASE
انّ هدا المسجدَ جميل
“(Indeed) This mosue is beautiful”
The mosque is placed into a sort of object case, whilst the adjective ‘beautiful’ is indefinite U case.
The ‘inna’ serves as a weak reinforcing particle.
The subject after ‘walakina’ will be A case as well, and it’s adjective placed in the indefinite U case.
When used with a possessive construction, demonstratives…
…come AFTER THE SUBJECT
كتابك الجديد هذا جمييل
“THIS new book OF YOURS is beautiful”
- Also NOTE THAT THE POSSESSED ITEM IS INDEFINITE (no ‘al-‘)
A ‘hiya/huwa’ may be inserted.
When final and AFTER a long vowel (A/Y/U), the HAMZA
IS WRITTEN ALONE.
However with the addition of the feminine marker/possessive suffix it is written on top of the ‘ya’ (seat of the hamza), or the ‘wow’.
ؤ ئ
If a FORM II verb begins with ALIF, the addition of a PERSONAL MARKER (ie in the imperfect) will cause…
…the alif to become a ؤ
(A ‘wow’ with hamza on top.)
ألّف (he composed) ->>> يُؤَلِّفُ (he composes)
اسم
NOUN
جملة
sentence
جملة اسميّة
Equational sentence
جملة فعلية
Verbal sentence
THE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE OF R2 HOLLOW VERBS
Instead of فاعل we have: فائِل
ie. زائِر = visitor
The IMPERFECT OF KAANA IS USED FOR
FUTURE TENSE
اكون هنا غداً = I shall be here tomorrow.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ل and الى
‘li’ has the sense of ‘to’, whereas ‘iilaa’ has a sense of ‘towards’
li: “she read it to me”
iilaa: “he came to(wards) your office”
- Note that BOTH may be used after سلّم
WORDS FOR ‘TO HAVE’:
عنْد
مع
لِ
عنْد - used with CONCEPTS AND IDEAS (ie I have an idea)
مع - suggests PROXIMITY (ie she has a watch on her)
لِ - indicates FACT (ie she has a rich uncle)
لِ may be PREFIXED to OBJECTS IN POSSESSIVE SENTENCES where there may be ambiguity.
ie. وجدهُ في المكتبِ الجديدِ لِلوزيرِ
is translated as:
He found him in the new office of the minister.
(as opposed to “he found him in the office of the new minister”)
FINAL WEAK VERBS in the IMPERFECT have their short ‘A’ vowel…
EXTENDED to ى
ie. يبْقى - he remains
NOTE THAT WHEN A SUFFIX PRONOUN IS PRESENT THE ى becomes ALIF
هل تلْقاهُ… (Did you meet him…?)
ALSO, THIS DOES NOT APPLY TO ‘YOU FEM.’, which keeps its ya and adds the noon.
INDEFINITE POSSESSIVES: The possessor will have the DEFINITE U ENDING (but no ‘al-‘)
…and the possessed object will have
INDEFINITE I-CASE
تقريرُ جميلٍ
(a colleague’s report)
‘TO LIKE’ IS RENDERED BY
تُعْجِبُني = IT PLEASES ME
From the verb أعْجب
…هل تُعْجِبُها (Does she like…?)
IN FINAL WEAK DERIVED FORMS R3 ‘WOW’ IS ALWAYS RENDERED BY:
ى IN THE PERFECT TENSE.
In the imperfect we have the usual ‘ya’
The verb TO GIVE takes
… 2 A CASE OBJECTS
أعْطى
3 NEGATIVE PARTICLES:
لا
لمْ
لنْ
لا - PRESENT/FUTURE, U imperfect
لمْ - PAST, zero imperfect
لنْ - FUTURE, A imperfect
Note that negative questions are introduced by أ + a negative particle
‘Nothing’ and ‘Never’ are also formed by a negative particle at the start of the phrase, and then شيْء or قطّ at the end.
2 WORDS FOR ‘WHEN’
لمّا
عنْدما
لمّا - USED FOR PAST COMPLETED ACTION (ie. when I read it…)
عنْدما - FLEXIBLE USE (I (will) understand when I hear)
If a name is preceded by the vocative يا
The final ‘n’ marker of the name is DROPPED.
INTERROGATIVES
أيْن
ماذا
ما
منْ
أيْن = where?
ماذا = what? (ref. to object)
ما = what? (ref. to noun)
منْ = who?
lam, limada and maada may be followed by لم to indicate a negative question.
INTERROGATIVES WITH PREPOSITIONS
إلى أيْن
لِمنْ
بِما
لماذا
إلى أيْن = where to?
لِمنْ = to whom?
بِما = with what?
لماذا = why? what for?
NOTE that a variant of لماذا is لم
أنّ is followed by
A CASE
Where R2 is و or ي perfect tense
R2 becomes ا in the 3rd person فال And disappears entirely for other persons زُرتُ، زُرتَ، زُرتِ، زارتْ، زار عِشْتُ، عِشتَ، عِشتِ، عاشتْ، عاش Note that the short vowels become “u” for و hollow verbs, and “I” for ي hollow verbs
Where R2 is و or ي in imperfect tense
The و or ي remain in the imperfect, with the imperfect prefixes added to the start as usual I.e. أعيش (I live) تزورُ (he visits)
When R2 is hollow in form 2 however, the و/ي is NOT replaced by alif
Because of the ّ (shaddah) i.e. زوّر غيّر
Where the active participle (فاعل) has hollow R2, we have
فائل I.e. زائرٌ = visitor
Where R1 is و
Only the imperfect of form 1 is affected - it drops its و يوْعل becomes يعل أوجدُ becomes أجِدُ
Form 2 and the perfect of form 1 is not affected by
Initial و verbs
Where R3 is ي in present tense
There are no changes
Where R3 is و in present tense
The R3 becomes a ي
If R3 in pattern فعِل is و/ي in the IMPERFECT
The R3 changes - a extends to become ى E.g. يرْضى تَبْقى
If R3 is imperfect and has و/ي AND has a suffix pronoun
The extended aa shifts from ى to ا (alif) I.e. تلْقاهُ
With the pattern فعل in the perfect tense
3 masculine ends aa where R3 is hollow Wow becomes alif Ya becomes aa (ى) ALL OTHER PERSONS ARE UNAFFCTED
Perfect tense Derived forms with و/ي ending have
R3= ى Their R3 is unidentifiable E.g. قوّى / أرْضى / اِشْترى
IMPERFECT tense derived forms
Have their usual prefixes and end in ي
Where R3 is hollow in an imperfect zero case verb
Instead of “ya zuu ru”, we have “yazuur” يزُرْ / تزُرْ / تزوري / أزُرْ This is fairly logical in that we are simply getting rid of the case endings. (Note that 2 feminine is regular)
With the type يبْقى the a imperfect changes only in 2 feminine
The final -na is dropped, leaving: تَرْضَى
With the type يبْقى the 0 imperfect changes only in 2 feminine
The -na is dropped, and we are left with the short a ending: يبْقَ
A 0 imperfect ending in ى
Loses the ى and has an i ending I.e. قضى -> يقْضِ
A case imperfect ending with alif
Replaces ا with و I.e. رجا -> يرْجُوَ
Form 4 R2 hollow verbs
Are replaced by a long vowel in R2 Either ي / ا
R2 hollow form 4 verbal nouns add
Feminine ending ة
Form 8 R2 hollow verbs always replace R2
With aa ا
Form 8 verbal noun R2 is always
ي
Imperfect initial و verbs
Drop the و when creating derived nouns وثق -> شقةٌ (trust)
Some final weak ى verbs have the imperfect
يَفْعَى The imperfect of form 5 is of this type
In derived forms the hollow R3 و always appears as
ي
Form one hollow R3 active participles
replace و with ي
Masc they perfect final weak verbs
aa type End in وْا رجا -> رجوْا Or yy type end in وا لقيَ -> لقوا
Masc you pl perfect final weak verbs
End in تمْ and keep the hollow و
Masc plural imperfect final weak verbs end
U imperfect = ونَ A/0 imperfect = وا
Masc plural يفْعى type ends
وْنَ
