Grammar L22, L23, TL1 Flashcards
causative sentences
describe who makes someone do something + who lets someone do something
causative form RU Verbs
食べる
drop -ru, add -saseru
食べさせる
causative form U Verbs
行く、話す、読む
drop -u, add -aseru
行かせる、話させる、読ませる
causative form くる
こさせる
causative form する
させる
causative form sentence
director (は) cast (に) action
director = decides what is allowed, cast = performs action
causative + てください
to ask for permission to do something, to volunteer to do something
causative +てあげる
director lets cast do X
causative +てくれる
please let me do X
verb stem + なさい
a command, “don’t do…”
Verbのをやめなさい
ば
V+ = drop -u, add -eba, V- = drop -i, add -keba
clause A ば clause B = if A, then B
のに
“A のに B” = “A, but contrary to expectations B, too” or “B, despite the fact A”
のように
のように to describe an action done in the same way as A, or a characteristic which is comparable to A
のような
AのようなB = “B like/similar to A” or “I like B like A”
causative passive
used to say you were made to do, harassed, talked into something you did not want to do
causative passive sentence
puppet は puppet master に action
causative passive form RU verbs
drop -ru, add -saserareru
causative passive U verbs
drop -u, add -asareru
す verbs = drop -u, add -aserareru
話す、はなさせられる
causative passive irregular verbs
する・させられる
くる・こさせられる
ても
A (temo) B = “B, even if A”
verb or i adjective ても
add も to て
na adjective and nouns ても
add でも
verbs ても
affirm: かっても
neg: かわなくても
i adj ても
affirm: かなしくても
neg: かなしくなくても
na adjectives ても
affirm: 元気でも
neg: 元気じゃなくでも
nouns ても
affirm: 学生でも
neg: 学生じゃなくでも
ことにする
decide to do…
ことにしている
do something as a regular practice
まで
A (made) B = “til A”
方（かた）
how to
Nでできる
used in generic statements
Nからできる
be made from a material that is not immediately obvious
できている
descibes something specific
のように＋見える
looks like
のように＋聞こえ
sounds like
N＋QW（〜か・かどうか）は N（によって違う・による）
differ depending on, depends on
といえば
speaking of x…
〜とか、とか
used to list examples non-exhaustively
〜だけ（でなく（て）・しゃなく（て））、〜も
not only x, but also y
