Grammar items

Question 1

〜という

Answer 1

used to define or name something
Either to give definitions and names (N1 defines N2)
ロボットという言葉がうまれたのは、１９２０年のことだ
(The word robot was created in 1920)

Or to indicate that the speaker thinks the listener doesn’t know something about N1
昨日、田中さん「という」人が来ました

Question 2

のは。。。だ

Answer 2

To give prominence to something in a sentence

Seperate what you want to emphasise - change は to が
Add のは - finish sentence

子供たちが好きな「のは」カレーライスです

Question 3

~として

Answer 3

In the capacity of, in the name of, being seen as

この学校で日本語を勉強している学生の人「として」意見を言う
As a student studying Japanese at this school, I will say my opinion

私は趣味「として」野菜や果物を漬けっています
As a hobby, I grow fruit and vegetables

Question 4

〜によって

Answer 4

By means of

Question 5

〜にとって

Answer 5

For…

あなたにとって、人生で一番大切なことは何ですか
For you, what is the most important thing in life?

Question 6

つまり

Answer 6

In other words

Question 7

のか

Answer 7

Indicates need for confirmation

Question 8

のなら

Answer 8

If you had this…. what would you do?

Question 9

〜はもちろん、〜も

Answer 9

It is natural in N1, also for N2

Hayao Miyazaki の映画は日本はもちろんですが、おうぼいでも人気があります
Hayao Miyazakis films, in Japan and the West too, are popular

Question 10

なのに

Answer 10

Despite - Despite the fact that A, it is B

Question 11

〜の

Answer 11

Indicates question through rising intonation
Often used between friends and family

Question 12

〜という

Answer 12

Describing contents of a noun
Often used in relation to information, thoughts, emotions, stories, ideas, rumors